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Saron Chronicle

3 And the same year came three hundred and fifty ships to Thames-mouth, and the crews landed and broke into Canterbury and London, and put to flight Beorhtwulf king of the Mercians with his

army.

§ Canterbury was called DoRUBERNIA, i. e. DOVER, in the earlier part

of the Saxon History.

4 And then went south over

the Thames into Surrey; and there king Æthelwulf and his son Æthelbald, with the army of the West-Saxons, fought against them at Aclea [OCKLEY], and there made the greatest slaughter among the heathen army that we have heard tell of unto the present day ||, and there got the victory.

Asser

The same year also a great army of the pagans came with three hundred and fifty ships to the mouth of the river Thames, and sacked Dorubernia, § which is the city of the Cantuarians, [and also the city of London, *) which lies on the north bank of the river Thames, on the confines of Essex and Middlesex; but yet that city belongs in truth to Essex; and they put to flight Beorhtulf, king of Mercia, with all the army, which he had led out to oppose them.

After these things, the same army of pagans went into Surrey, which is a district situated on the south bank of the river Thames, and to the west of Kent. And Æthelwulf, king of the Saxons, and his son Æthelbald, with all their army, fought a long time against them at a place called Ac-lea, i. e. the Oak-plain, and there, after a lengthened battle, which was fought with

been written before the terrible much bravery on both sides,

|| This must, apparently, have battles which Alfred afterwards fought against the Danes at Ashdown, and Eddington.

CHARTERS IN 851. 1. BERTWOLF king of Mercia, Friday, March 27. II,

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the greater part of the pagan
multitude was destroyed and ANNALS. 851. The Normans enter

cut to pieces, so that we never heard of their being so slaughtered, either before or since, in any country, in one day; and the Christians

36. 2. Another of BERTWOLF, II, gained an honourable victory,

45.

and were triumphant over the place of death.

The Annals have "Athelstan son of King Adhelwlf." He was king of the eastern subject kingdom of Kent, Essex, and Sussex. Some call him brother of Ethelwolf.

1 And the same year king Æthelstan and alderman

Ealchere fought on shipboard, and cut off a large army at Sandwich in Kent, and took nine ships, and put the others to flight.

In the same year king Æthel

stan and earl Ealhere slew a

large army of the pagans in Kent, at a place called Sandwich, and took nine ships of their fleet; the others escaped by flight.

3 That year was not yet finished, when a large fleet of pagans came, with 350 ships, to the mouth of the river Thames, commonly called Thames-mouth, and destroyed the city of Canterbury and the city of London, and put to flight Beornulf king of Mercia, having defeated his army.

* The words in brackets do not occur in Asser, but it is evident that they have been omitted by the copyist; for the descriptive words WHICH LIES ON THE NORTH BANK &c.cannot apply to Canterbury.

4 After the battle they returned beyond the river Thames towards the south, through the province of Surrey, and there king Athulf with the Western Angles met them: an immense number was slain on both sides, nor have we ever heard of a more severe battle before that day: these things happened near

Aclea Wood.

the Seine.

INGULF states that there was a severe disease in 851, prevalent over all England, which withered the limbs of men, women, and children, and was similar to the palsy.

1 Also in the same year king Æthelstan and duke Ealhere fought against the army of the above-mentioned nation in the province' of Kent, near the town of Sandwich, where they slew many of them, put their troops to flight, and took nine ships,

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After these things, the same army of pagans went into Surrey, which is

a district situated on the south bank of the river Thames, and to the west of Kent. And Ætheluulf, king of the West-Saxons, and his son Æthelbald, with all their army, fought a long time against them at a place called Ac-lea, i. e. the Oak-plain, and there, after a fierce battle, which was fought with much bravery on both sides, the greater part of the pagan multitude was destroyed and cut to pieces, so that we never heard of their being so slaughtered, either before or since, in any country, in one day; and the Christians gained an honourable victory, and were triumphant over the place of death.

In the same year king Æthelstan and earl Ealhere slew a large army of the pagans in Kent, at a place called Sandwich, and took nine ships of

Huntingdon

1 Adelwlf, in the 16th year of his reign, and Edelbald his son, having assembled all their forces, fought with a great army, which with 250 ships had put in at Thames-mouth and overpowered those illustrious cities, famous through so many years, namely London, and Canterbury, and defeated and put to flight Britwlf king of Mercia, with his army, who never afterwards throve again;

3 And enter

ing Surrey, they met the royal squadrons at Achlea. There was fought, therefore, between those large armies so great and so severe a battle, as no one before had ever heard to have been fought in England. You might then have seen warrior

men fall on both sides like a crop of corn, and streams of blood roll with them the heads and limbs of the slain. But would it not be too great and wearying prolixity to describe each particular ? God gave the fortune of the battle to those who believed in him, and unutterable anguish to those who despised him. King Adelwlf then was the glorious victor.

* Simeon prefixes ANNO DOMINICE INCARNATIONIS 852 to this paragraph, but the other chroniclers are against him.

4 The same year Edelstan, king of Kent, and duke Ealhere, fought a naval battle against the Danes at Sandwich, and having made a great slaughter of the enemy,

Simeon

In the same year a great army of pagans came with 350 ships into the mouth of the river Thames. Who laid waste Dorobernia,i.e. the city of the Kentish men, and put to flight Berhtulf king of the Mercians with all his army, who had come to do battle against them.

After this the Danes became more bold, and all their army was drawn together in Surrey. Which the warlike Ethelwlf king of the Saxons hearing,

both he and his son Ethelbald

with him collected a large army in a place which is called Aclea, that is, in the field of the oak. And when the pride of the English nation shone with glancing arms, the English fought a very long time with the Danes; bravely striving against them, because they saw that their king fought fiercely, therefore they became braver than their enemies in war. And when they had manfully striven for a very long time, and both sides fought with much sharpness and spirit, the greatest part of the Pagan throng was thoroughly cut off and slain, so that never in any land, in one day, before

or after, did so many fall. The Christians however on that same day honourably gained the victory and were masters of the field of death, giving thanks to the Lord in hymns and confessions.

* King Ethelstan and earl Alchere found a great army of the pagans in Kent in a place which is called At Sandwich; † whom

† AT SANDWICH: a customary Saxon idiom.

Saron Chronicle

Asser

Ethelwerd 851

Α. 852. Here at this time
Ceolred abbat of Medesham-

* This local notice of MEDESHAMSTEAD, i. e. PETERBOROUGH, Occurs in only one MS. of the Saxon Chro

stede and the monks let to Wulfred the land of Sempingaham, on this condition, that after his decease the land should return to the minster, and that Wulfred should give nicle, which was probably written by

the land of Sliowaford [SLEAFORD] to Medeshamstede, and each year should deliver into the minster sixty fother of wood, and twelve fother of coal, and six fother of faggots, and two tuns full of pure ale, and two beasts fit for slaughter, and six hundred loaves, and ten measures of Welsh ale, and each year a horse, and thirty shillings, and one day's entertainment. At this agreement were present king Burhred, and archbishop Ceolred, and bishop Tunberht, and bishop Cenred and bishop Alhhun, and bishop Berhtred, and abbat Wihtred, and abbat Werhtherd, and alderman Æthelheard and alderman Hunberht, and many others.

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a monk of that abbey.

CHARTERS IN 852. 1. CEOLRED abbat of Peterborough, subscribed by BURGRED king of Mercia &c. II, 46. This Charter is partly the same as the extract from the Saxon Chronicle under this year. 2. BERTWOLF king of Mercia, II, 47.

In the year of our Lord's
incarnation 853, which was king
the fifth of king Alfred, ance
Burgred, king of the Mer- to
cians, sent messengers, and
prayed Æthelwulf king of
the West-Saxons, to come
and help him in reducing the
midland Britons, who dwell
between Mercia and the
western sea, and who strug-
gled against him most im-
moderately.

So without

delay, king Æthelwulf, hav-
ing received the embassy,
moved his army, and ad-
vanced with king Burghred
against Britain, and immedi-
diately on entering that
country, he began to ravage
it; and having reduced it
under subjection to king
Burghred, he returned home.

4 In the same year also, after
Easter, Æthelwulf, king of
the West-Saxons, gave his
daughter to Burgred, king of
the Mercians, to be queen,
and the marriage was cele-
brated royally at the royal
vill of Chippenham.

After three years Burhred asked assistfrom king Ætheluulf subdue the Northern Britons.

He granted it, and having collected his army, passed through the Mercian kingdom to go against the Britons: whom he subdued

and made tributary.

3 The same year also after Easter king Athulf gave his daughter in marriage to king Burhrede.

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took nine of their ships; but they almost cut off in the same the others fled.

6 This year, therefore, was fortunate for the English people.

2 To whom [BERTWOLF] SUCceeded Burrhed on the throne

of Mercia.

place, God granting them help, and seized nine of their ships: the rest struck with terror escaped by flight.

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CHARTERS IN 853. ETHELWOLF king of Wessex, subscribed by ETHELBERTUS rex, CIALNOTHUS Dei gratia archiepiscopus, and

In the year of our Lord's incarnation 853, of the birth of Alfred 5, Burhred king of the Mercians sent messengers, and begged Ethelwlf king of the West Saxons to bring him help in order that he might be able to subdue under his dominion the midland Britons who dwell between Mercia and the

others, among whom we find "Ego Western Sea, who often

ELFRED fili regis consensi et sub

scripsi." II, 48.

MATTHEW OF WESTMINSTER

concerning the terrible death and relates, under this year, dealegend damnation of a witch; also the fate

of Charles Martel.

3 In the same year also, after And gave him his daughter

Easter, Ætheluulf, king of the West-Saxons, gave his daughter to Burhred, king of the Mercians, and the marriage was celebrated royally at the royal vill of Chippenham.

in marriage.

strove against him. But King Ethelwlf, having received his embassy, moved an army, distributed pay, and bravely went forth with

king Burhred to war. Presently when he had begun to lay waste that nation, he took, slew, and subdued it to king Burhred, who giving thanks sent him away with joy to return to his own land.

3 The same year after the feast of Christ's holy resurrection, king Ethelwlf, of glorious power, gave his daughter, with great glory, as it is customary for kings, to Burhred king of the Mercians, at the vill which is called At Chippenham;

Saron Thronicle

Asser

Ethelwerd 853

1 And the same year king Æthelwulf sent his son Ælfred to Rome. Leo was then pope of Rome, and he consecrated him king, and took him for his son at confirmation. *

* See note * in page 18.

2 Then, in the same year, Ealhere, with the men of Kent, and Huda, with the men of Surrey, fought in Thanet against the heathen army; and at first they were victorious; and many there were slain, and drowned on either hand, and both the alderman were killed.

A. 854.

CHARTERS IN 854. 1. ETHELWOLF, king of Wessex, subscribed also by Alstan, "Æthred fili. reg." and "Ælfred fili. reg." II, 50. This is the celebrated grant of tithes: it

A. 855. Here the heathen men first sat over winter in Sheppey.

And the same year king Æthelwulf gave by charter the tenth part of his land throughout his realm for the glory of God and his own eternal salvation.

1 In the same year, king Æthelwulf sent his son Ælfred, above-named, to Rome, with an honourable escort both of nobles and commoners. Pope Leo [THE FOURTH] at that time presided over the apostolic see, who ordained and anointed for king the aforesaid child Ælfred, and confirmed him, receiving him as his son of

adoption.

2 The same year also, earl Ealhere, with the men of Kent, and Huda with the men of Surrey, fought bravely and resolutely against an army of the pagans, in the island, which is called in the Saxon tongue, Tenet, [THA

NET], but Ruim in British. 3 And at first the Christians had the victory, but when the battle was protracted to a great length, many fell on both sides, and also were drowned in the water; and both the earls were there slain.

is dated April 22. 2. Another copy of the same charter follows, p. 52, in which the names of Ethelred and Alfred do not appear. Both copies bear the subscription of the celebrated Swithun bishop of Winchester, and Alstan bishop of

In the year of our Lord's incarnation 855, which was the seventh after the birth of the aforesaid king, the great army of the pagans passed the whole winter in the afore

said isle of Sheppey. In the same year the aforesaid venerable king Æthelwulf released the tenth part of all his kingdom from all royal service and tribute, and with a pen never to be forgotten, offered it up to God the One and the Three in One, in the cross of Christ, for the redemption of his own soul and of his prede

cessors.

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