present article. Tracing the tenures and jurisdictions of the Norman vassals, it illustrates the maintenance of the Duke's judicial supremacy, and discusses the fiscal system with special enquiry into the organisation and offices, especially as to the ducal camera, the functions of the vicomtes, and of the chamberlain, seneschal, butler, and constable, and above all of the curia, already a highly developed institution before 1066. A centrepoint of coming research is the question of the existence of a chancery or of a chancellorship before Duke William became King of England. It is refreshing to note the firm-footed positions often taken by Prof. Haskins in the course of this paper where his lines of study cross the paths of Mr. Round and Mr. Vernon Harcourt. His appearance on the field is a historical advent, which promises much.

Other notable papers in this number are M. Pirenne's account of the formation and constitution of the Burgundian State by the union of seventeen provinces, half Romanic and half Germanic, under a single dynasty, and the relaxation and severance of its ties to France on the one side and Germany on the other—a process completed by the Convention of Augsburg in 1548, establishing an independent state under the greatgrandson of Charles the Bold. Dr. W. C Abbott begins an elaborate narrative-study of English Conspiracy and Dissent' during 1660-1674, and reaches the period in 1664 when civil struggle, primarily sectarian, and persecution tempered by plots for revolt, were for the time set aside by war with the Dutch.

Modern political movements are dealt with in two Johns Hopkins University Studies. One by Dr. W. S. Myers on The Self-Reconstruction of Maryland, 1864-67 (pp. 131, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press) traces the constitutional history of the state at and after the War of Secession, and illustrates the difficulty of finding a common basis after the great rupture. Drastic disfranchisement in 1865 was followed by a compromise policy, which in 1867 became a legislative Democratic constitution. Another by Dr. J. B. Kennedy on Beneficiary Features of American Trade Unions (pp. 120) discusses the insurance schemes, the death benefit, sick benefit, out-of-work benefit, and superannuation benefit features of the Unions, and the rules for their administration as regulated by State legislation.

The March-May issue of these publications is a solid contribution to the history of law in Mr. James Wallace Bryan's essay: The Development of the English Law of Conspiracy (8vo, pp. 161) which traces the partial genesis of the conception to the reign of Edward I., although it was named earlier by Bracton. Its first significance was a combination to defeat justice. Against this the Ordinance of Conspirators 21 Edward I. was directed. While subsequently it took shapes leading to civil actions sur le case, the interest and historical importance of this branch of law depended on its place among crimes. A statute of 4 Edward III. enjoined the king's judges to take cognisance of it, and the subsequent expansion of the doctrine was most marked under Elizabeth and James I. A very great variety of suits found their way into the reports, and there was a long array of precedents for the guidance of Lord Denman in Rex v. Jones,

1832, when he indicated the minimum requirement of the charge to be 'a conspiracy either to do an unlawful act, or a lawful act by unlawful means.' This dictum was the starting point for no small part of the nineteenth and twentieth century extensions of the concept in statutes and judgments on trading and labour combinations and their limits of legality. There is less of historical and political illustration than the records would have countenanced, as the viewpoint is that of legal evolution in the presence of current problems, such as those suggested by the dubious principle of the Trades Disputes Act, 1906, conferring immunity on trades unions for tortious acts.

Mr. Bryan's treatise is based on a thorough collation of law reports from the old year books down to the House of Lords Appeals of 1906; its body of references is, whether for lawyer or historian, its best credential; and its interpretations alike of special decisions and of the trend of a doctrine which has dangers and is emphatically in motion, stamp the author as a fully-equipped and capable expositor, whose judgment is as good as his method.

The Iowa Journal for April is wholly dedicated to the minor political and constitutional history of the State of Iowa towards the middle of the nineteenth century.

The Revue Historique (Mars-Avril) begins with a survey of the state of the French army in 1787 on the eve of the Revolution, especially as regards the officers. Another article deals with Napoleon's intervention and the course of his diplomacy in Germany in 1803. A 'bulletin' or survey of recent publications relative to France also takes for its period the Revolution and the Empire. A curious collation of two MSS., now first edited, is made by M. Hauser giving the text of two letters to the Emperor Ferdinand by Leo X. after Francis I.'s victory of Marignan. The second letter is found to be an altered version of another addressed to the King of Portugal, of the same date, 14th December, 1515. Both are from the pen of Pietro Bembo, the pope's 'semi-pagan' secretary, with piquant differences. While both press the cause of a crusade against the Turk, the one for the Portuguese monarch edges in a delicate compliment to the incredible perseverance and energy shown in the unheard of voyages of the Portuguese navigators. A paper by M. François Ricci on the tariffs of the Salic laws urges that the money awards allocated to various delicts are not, as was supposed, compositions or indemnities, but are fines. An editorial note commends the proposition as well worthy of debate. We notice that Messrs. Hessels and Kern's Lex Salica (1880, John Murray) is not referred to. The difficulty may be to establish the explanation throughout the code, although it seems certain in many instances. Parallel passages in early British codes seem to favour it, and the discussion may simplify in the laws of the Brets and Scots some of the same puzzling failures in relativity of values as occur in the Salic law.

Queries and Replies

FRANCIS HAMILTON OF SILVERTONHILL. KING JAMES HIS ENCOMIUM. Or a Poeme, in memorie and commendation of the High and mightie Monarch Iames . . . our late Soveraigne. By FRANCIS HAMILTOUN Of Silvertown-hill. Edinburgh. Printed by John Wreittoun, 1626.' A copy of the above was recently offered for sale, and was stated to be one of the only two known.

The author, Francis Hamilton, born probably about 1585, was eldest son of Sir Robert Hamilton of Goslington and Silvertonhill by Elizabeth Bailie, eventually heiress of Provand, near Glasgow. Elizabeth Bailie, with consent of her husband, granted a charter in 1599 in favour of their eldest son, Francis Hamilton, of the lands of Provand, reserving the life rent and certain provisions in favour of her five daughters (R.M.S. 1593-1608, No. 973). 'Franciscus Hammiltoune Sylvertonii haeres' matriculated at Glasgow College in 1601 (Mun. Univ. Glas. iii. p. 64). He had a licence, 10th July, 1621, 'to go abroad and remain for three years beyond seas for his lawful affairs' (R.P.C. Scot. xii. p. 529), but we find him raising an action against his father, which was unsuccessful, 18th January, 1622 (Morison's Decisions, xii. p. 9451). Another licence was granted to him, 31st March, 1624, to go abroad for seven years (R.P.C. Scot. xiii. p. 485). He raised another action, this time against his sisters, in the endeavour to escape the fulfilment of the provisions secured to them on the lands of Provand, but was again unsuccessful, 29th June, 1624 (Morison's Decisions, v. p. 4098). He now seems to have run deeply into debt, and his lands of Provand were 'apprized' from him by John Crawfurd in Milntoun of Provand for 1550 [2550?] merks owing to him, 3rd July, 1624 (R.M.S. 1620-1633, No. 670). The next mention is 6th March, 1634, when Robert Stevenson finds caution for 300 merks that Francis Hamiltoun, younger of Silvertounhill, and his family and possessions, would not be molested by him nor by any of his causing' (R.P.C. Scot. 2nd Series, v. p. 227). The lands of Provand were recovered by Edward Hamilton of Balgray, immediate younger brother of Francis, and were included in a confirmation to Edward under the Great Seal, 18th July, 1635 (R.M.S. 1633-1651, No. 350). A charter was granted by Edward Hamilton in favour of Christiane and Agnes, lawful daughters of Francis Hamilton of Silvertonhill, eldest son of Sir Robert Hamilton of Goslingtoun, of annual rents of 560 merks and 400 merks respectively, out of Provand, to come into force on the decease of Sir Robert, dated 8th July, 1637, and confirmed under the Great Seal, 24th July, 1657 (R.M.S. 1652-1659, No. 606).

According to Douglas (Baronage, p. 425), who, however, makes him the last of an imaginary elder line of the Silvertonhill family, Francis Hamilton was 'a very enthusiastick wrong-headed man. He fancied himself bewitched by dam Isabel Boyd, lady Blair, which appears by several extravagant petitions to parliament from "Francis Hamilton of Silvertonhill against the said dam Isabel Boyd, anno 1641.": The authority given is the Minutes of Parliament, but these, so far as printed in the Appendix to the Acts, make no mention of the petitions.

Sir Robert Hamilton of Goslingtoun and Silvertonhill died in January, 1642. Francis is not named in the Will, dated 20th December, 1641 (Glas. Com. Rec. Tests.). In the confirmation (9th March, 1642) Edward is described as 'then styled feare and now of Siluertonhill.' Francis Hamiltoune of Silvertounhill, indueller in Edinburgh,' died in 1645, and his testament dative was recorded 7th February, 1646 (Commissariot of Edinburgh). A. W. GRAY-BUCHANAN.

WOOLLEN AND LINEN TRADE IN SCOTLAND AND IRELAND. I asked a question in your Review some months ago (S.H.R. vi. 103) as to the Scotch woollen industry, and the foreign trade in cloth and wool in the Middle Ages. Some very interesting information was sent me by Miss Theodora Keith regarding the later Scotch industry for which I desire to thank her; but there seems still work needed on the earlier periods. The only other response sent to me was from a correspondent in a daily paper, who was of the opinion that no such trade existed on any scale. In the course of my reading I have come across a great number of references to Scotch wool and Scotch cloth in the Netherlands market. For example, I have found some of these scattered through the Hanseatisches Urkundenbuch and in Recueil de Documents relatifs à l'histoire de l'industrie drapière en Flandres by Espines and Pirenne. I have not kept these references, as they lay outside my subject, but I feel sure that any student of medieval Scotch history would be rewarded by collecting such information as to the industrial and commercial activity of medieval Scotland. I should be grateful if any scholar who in his researches meets with references to Irish commerce would be good enough to send them to me. ALICE STOPFORD GREEN.

36 Grosvenor Road, S.W.

'A NEW YEAR'S GIFT FOR THE WHIGS' (S.H.R. vi. 245). In the first note which Professor Frith has appended to his interesting contribution under the above heading, there is an obvious lapsus plumae. He says that Papillon and Dubois (the 'Papillion' and 'Duboice' of the ballad) were Whig candidates for the post of Sheriffs of London in 1684. This should be 1682. There was no popular election of Sheriffs in the years 1684 to 1687 inclusive, these functionaries being appointed directly by the King during the suspension of the charter. A full account of the election in 1682, at which Papillon and Dubois were candidates, is found in Dr.

Sharpe's admirable work London and the Kingdom (vol. ii. pp. 479-488), and the official record of the poll is in Journal 49, fo. 317, at Guildhall. ALFRED B. BEAVEN.

CAPTAIN FARQUHARSON OF BROUGHDEARG.-In Mr. Blaikie's notes to his interesting collection of letters relating to 'The Highlanders at Macclesfield in 1745,' it is stated (S.H.R. vi. 233) that Captain Farquharson who commanded a company in Lord Ogilvy's Regiment was of Broughdurg, Forfarshire.' The small estate belonging to this branch of the Farquharsons, and acquired by them about 1590, is situated in Glenshee, Perthshire. The name is variously spelled: Brouchdearg, Broughdearg, Broughdarg (presumably The Red Fort'). Mr. A. M. Mackintosh states that the Broughdearg family was well represented in the Jacobite army in 1715' (The Mackintoshes and Clan Chattan, Edinburgh, 1903, P. 444). Its most eminent representative in 1715 belonged to the family of Rochally, at the foot of Glenshee, cadets of Broughdearg. This was Peter Farquharson, younger of Rochally, a captain in Mar's Regiment, who fell at the defence of the barricades at Preston. He is described by Patten as a gentleman of an invincible spirit and almost inimitable bravery.' DAVID MACRITCHIE.

LIND, UDNY, CUMMINGS-LIND. Where can I obtain information as to members of the above families, who lost their estates in Scotland, and fled to France, after 1745? GEORGE J. LIND.

Rua do Golgotha 121,
Oporto, Portugal.

MATTHEW HAMILTON OF TORRANCE is mentioned in the Register of the Great Seal as witness to charters, dated 18th December, 1543 (R.M.S. 1546-1580, Nos. 52, 53, 54). He was also on an inquest, 27th March, 1550 (Maxwells of Pollok, i. p. 293), but James Hamilton, who was of Torrance' in 1540 (R.M.S.) had a confirmation under the Great Seal, 13th February, 1545-6 (R.M.S. 1513-1546, No. 3210). A James Hamilton of Torrance was Provost of Glasgow at 11th March, 1549-50 (Burgh Records, 1573-1642, p. 32), and was probably the same James Hamilton of Torrance, who was included in a Remission under the Privy Seal, 2nd January, 1565-6. Robert Hamilton of Torrance is mentioned as a witness in a charter, dated 21st and 30th September, 1566 (R.M.S. 1580-1593, No. 1136).

According to Anderson, Matthew Hamilton of Torrance was son of Robert Hamilton of Torrance, and grandson of James Hamilton of Torrance, 1540, but he evidently confuses him with a later Matthew, a younger son of the above Robert.

Was Matthew Hamilton only 'younger' of Torrance, dying v.p.? If so, was Robert his son, or, what seems more probable from the number of generations, a younger brother? A. W. GRAY-BUCHANAN.