silver, copper, coal and porcelain. The Black Forest produces abundance of pine and fir, considerable quantities of which are exported. The revenue, in 1830, amounted to 27,887,145 guilders; the expenditure to 27,868,136 guilders, the public debt to 28,604,350. The standing army, in time of war, is composed of 16,824 men, the peace establishment, of 4906, the contingent to the forces of the German confederation, of 13,955. The king of Würtemberg has the sixth vote in the German diet, and four votes in the plenum. The government is a constitutional monarchy: the constitution was adopted Sept. 25, 1819. The king shares the legislative power, and the right of imposing taxes, with the estates, which consist of two chambers or houses, and possesses the entire executive power. The crown is hereditary in the male line, but, in case of the failure of males, passes to the females. The upper chamber is composed of the princes of the blood, of the heads of the mediatized families, and, of members called to sit by the king. The lower chamber, or chamber of deputies, is composed of thirteen deputies, chosen by the nobility, who have the right of judicial jurisdiction, six deputies of the clergy, deputies of seven towns, and deputies of the sixty-three bailiwics of the kingdom. The reigning king, William I, born 1781, ascended the throne in 1816. By his third wife he has one son, Frederic, the crown prince, or heir apparent, born 1823. His predecessor on the throne was Frederic, declared king of Würtemberg in 1805.

Würtemberg, History of. The origin of the kingdom of Würtemberg, more properly Wirtemberg,* is as follows. Lords of Würtemberg are first mentioned toward the end of the eleventh century: down to the middle of the thirteenth century this family seldom appears; but from that time, the Suabian history is full of their conquests and compacts. The counts of Würtemberg were not, like other counts of the empire, originally officers of the emperor. They were the proprietors of extensive domains, and, by way of honor, called counts. The emperors infeoffed them at a later period. Besides the revenue which they derived from their estates, they received a considerable income from convents, towns and villages, which they agreed to pro

* Würtemberg was originally the name of a castle near Stuttgart Hence it became the name of a family, then of a duchy, and at list of a kingdom.

tect. This branch of revenue was charged with the expenses of the government. Separate from this was the income of the patrimonial estates of the family. Such a separation is seldom found elsewhere, especially at so early a period. Taxes were to be raised only when the revenue was insufficient. This state of things began with count Ulrich, who acquired distinction in the middle of the thirteenth century. Germany was then without a head. The kings and emperors of Germany, from the death of Frederic II (q. v.) to Rodolph of Hapsburg (q. v.), were mere shadows. Ulrich died in 1265. His successor, count Eberhard, doubled the possessions which he had received from his father. He had many feuds with the emperors Rodolph, Adolphus of Nassau, and Albert of Austria. The emperor Henry of Luxemburg put him under the ban of the empire, and he was attacked from all sides, so that he fled to the margrave of Baden. But Henry VII died in Italy, and Eberhard recovered all that he had lost. His son Ulrich purchased new territories, among which was Tübingen. (q. v.) His son Eberhard der Greiner, a knight known all over Germany, purchased, during his reign, from 1344 to 1392, about twenty towns in whole or in part, and a number of villages, &c., and maintained what he had acquired in a constant struggle with the free imperial cities of Suabia. His successors continued to increase their possessions almost down to the elevation of the Würtemberg territories into a duchy, profiting by the spendthrift habits of their neighbors, and scizing the wealth of the convents and free cities when they found opportunity. But the chief cause of the gradual rise of this family was the circumstance that its territory remained undivided. The first division took place in 1442; but it lasted only to 1482, and, by the treaty of Münsingen, in the same year, the indivisibility of the territory became a family law. The emperor Maximilian, in 1495, made it a duchy; and Würtemberg became now the name of a country. The dukes soon acquired importance as members of the empire. To Eberhard, the same duke who made the family law just mentioned, the people of Würtemberg owe the first steps towards a constitution founded upon compact. Eberhard had, in consequence of a family quarrel, convoked deputies of the citizens for the settlement of public affairs, in 1482 On this occasion, it was solemnly stipulated that every thing done in future by the

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rulers of Würtemberg for the advantage of the country, should be done with the cooperation of the prelates, counsellors and deputies. The country nobility was excluded at its own desire. Lutheranism was introduced under Christopher (q. v.), and through him and his successors the permanent delegations" (standing committees) and the separate treasury acquired completeness and stability. Frederic, at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and Charles, in the middle of the eighteenth, attempted to overturn the constitution, but in vain. It was not till 1806, that the government became an absolute monarchy, after the constitution had lost much of its efficacy and estimation in the last years of the reign of Charles. The thirty years' war, so ruinous to all Germany, was particularly disastrous to Würtemberg. Between 1634 and 1641, the population sunk from about 330,000 men to 48,000. All who were able left the country great numbers were destroyed in battle or by famine and pestilence: towns and villages lay deserted and in ruins. To the Swedes, under the government of the chancellor Oxenstiern, and to the Swedish ministers at Osnabrück, Würtemberg owes her restoration, which was effected by the peace of Westphalia. (q. v.) But the reign of Louis XIV was also a time of great suffering for this country; Melac, and other monsters, burned and devastated it. During the reign of duke Louis, Würtenberg was under the government of a mistress, like France in the time of Louis XIV. From the war of the Spanish succession to the wars of the French revolution, the country was free from foreign enemies. Only once, in the second Silesian war, foreign troops marched through it; and duke Charles took part with Austria against Prussia in the third Silesian war, with the hope of being assisted by that power in suppressing the chamber of deputies. But his attempt at absolute power was defeated by the aulic council of the empire, under the guarantee of Prussia, Hanover and Denmark, and the government became still more limited. The duke at once changed the character of his administration, diminished the expense of his court, and, during the last half of his reign, did much good. He patronised arts and sciences, though in a somewhat military manner. The Charles academy (see Schiller, and Dannecker) was founded by him. The population rose to 600,000. The religion of the country had suffered by the circumstance

that, from 1733 to 1797, the princes were Catholic. Under the reign of duke Charles Alexander, a Jew, named Süss, ruined the finances, of which he was minister. He was hanged by Charles's successor. Through a Prussian princess, the mother of Frederic Eugene, Protestantism became again the religion of the rulers. During the government of Frederic, the French republic took possession of the Würtemberg territories on the left bank of the Rhine, and repeatedly occupied the duchy. His son, subsequently king Fred eric I, was indemnified by an additional territory, containing 12,000 inhabitants He himself was made elector. (q. v.) In 1805, he took part with France in the war with Austria; in return for which he was made king, with sovereign power, and received an addition to his territory, which gave him 200,000 new subjects. As soon as the empire was dissolved, the new king became a member of the confederation of the Rhine (see the article) and, as such, took part in all the wars of France, except that with Spain. Subsequently to the last war between France and Austria (1809), the population of the kingdom was increased to 1,350,000. After the downfall of the French empire, the king secured all his acquisitions by joining the allies. Since 1815, Würtemberg, though a small kingdom, has formed one of the larger states of the Germanic confederacy. Frederic I was a tyrant, and that to a degree which is rare at the present time; yet, like many other tyrants, he was a man of talent, and judiciously promoted the good of his subjects, where it was in accordance with his own objects. He died in 1816, and was succeeded by his son William I. When Frederic I assumed the royal title, in 1806, he de clared himself absolute sovereign. The peace of Presburg (q. v.) made him such in fact. The people of Würtemberg, in the confusion of the new order of things, took the oath of unconditional obedience, instead of the former constitutional oath. Only two or three persons made some opposition. But when the king went, in 1814, to the congress of Vienna, some voices demanded the old constitution. At this congress, the king, supported by Bavaria, opposed Prussia and Hanover, which expressed themselves in favor of the establishment of representative estates throughout Germany. But he soon declared that he intended to give a new constitution, and offered one in 1815; but it was rejected. The representatives of the people demanded the old constitution,

and laid particular stress on the compact which it recognised between the people and the monarch. After the subject had been long under discussion, Frederic was on the point of cutting the whole matter short; but death prevented him. A constitution was at last agreed to by king William, September 26, 1819. It is founded on compact. (See Constitution.) The outlines are given in the preceding paragraph.

WÜRZBURG, GRAND-DUCHY OF, has been, since 1814, a part of the kingdom of Bavaria. The former bishopric of Würzburg was founded as early as 741, when Burchard was appointed the first bishop, by St. Boniface, and the Frankish kings endowed the church with some lands which were subsequently much increased by grants from the emperors, and other acquisitions made by the bishops, until the principality of Würzburg was formed. A duke of Saxony, Sigismond, having been elected bishop of Würzburg in 1440, his successors bore the title of dukes of Franconia. The archbishop of Mayence was the spiritual superior of the bishop of Würzburg, even after the grant of the archiepiscopal dignity, in 1752, to the latter, whose title was prince of the holy Roman empire, bishop of Würzburg, and duke of Franconia. The bishopric comprised 1840 square miles, with 250,000 inhabitants; and the annual income of the bishop amounted to 500,000 guilders. By the articles of the peace of Luneville (q. v.), the bishopric of Würzburg, with the other "immediate" ecclesiastical possessions in Germany, were given to Bavaria as an indemnity for her lost provinces on the Rhine, with the exception of a few districts, amounting to 318 square miles, and containing 37,000 inhabitants, given to other princes. The last prince-bishop was compensated for the loss of Würzburg by an annual pension of 60,000 guilders, besides receiving 30,000 guilders as coadjutor of the prince-bishop of Bamberg. By the peace of Presburg (q. v.), concluded December 26, 1805, Würzburg was given to the former grand-duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand (q. v.), who ceded the duchy of Salzburg, which he had received in 1803, with the dignity of elector, to Austria; and the electoral title passed over to Würzburg. Bavaria was compensated for the loss. September 30, 1806, the new elector joined the confederation of the Rhine (see that article), and assumed the title of grand-duke of Würzburg. The events of 1817, and the ar

rangement of the congress of Vienna, made new changes. The grand-duke received back his hereditary state of Tuscany, and Würzburg was restored to Bavaria. The grand-duchy of Würzburg forming, at present, a part of the Bavarian circle of the Lower Maine, contains 1900 square miles, with 290,000 inhabitants, mostly Catholics. The country is level, but surrounded on three sides by chains of mountains. The Maine passes through a great part of it. The soil is very fertile, and produces much grain: the vine is particularly cultivated on the hills of the valley of the Maine. The best sorts of wine made are the Stein wine and the Leisten wine, which are produced only in the neighborhood of the capital, and bring considerable sums into the country, which is not rich in minerals, and has few manufactures. Würzburg, the fortified capital of the grand-duchy, with 1970 houses, and 21,800 inhabitants (lon. 9° 55′ E., lat. 49° 46′ N.), has a fine situation, occupying both banks of the Maine, over which there is a bridge 540 feet long. Among the public buildings is the palace of the former prince-bishops, built in 1720, with a beautiful garden; at present generally occupied by the queen dowager of Bavaria. The extensive and rich Julius hospital, conducted in an excellent manner, with which is connected a lying-in hospital, a botanical garden, an anatomical theatre, and various collections, is well known. Among the churches are the large cathedral, said to have been founded by bishop Burchard, in the eighth century, but entirely rebuilt in 1042; the elegant new minster; the university church, with an observatory on the tower; &c. Würzburg contains many other fine buildings, public and private. It has a gymnasium, a central school of industry, a school for midwives, a swimming school, an institution for the blind, several seminaries, the orthopedic (q. v.) Caroline institute, a veterinary school, and a university, of which we shall speak below. It has also manufactures of woollen cloths, looking-glasses, leather, colors, glauber salt, tobacco, &c. The navigation on the Maine is considerable. Without the city is the citadel of Marienberg, on a hill 400 feet high. From a part of this height, called the Leiste (List), comes the famous Leisten wine, and from the Steinberg (stonemountain), also near the city, comes the Stein wine. The whole space occupied by the vineyards around the city is 7000 acres Not far from here, in the former

convent of the Cistercians, is the manufactory of power printing-presses, by Messrs. König and Bauer, who invented the steam press in London-an old convent has been converted into a manufactory of power presses!-The university of Würzburg was founded by the fiftyfifth bishop, in the year 1403, on the model of that of Bologna; but it soon sunk into decay. In 1582, it was reestablished by a bishop Julius, who is justly considered the true founder. After him the university is called Julia. Medicine has always flourished in this institution, and mainly contributed to its reputation, whilst theology and philosophy were exclusively in the hands of Jesuits, until the abolition of the order. Many distinguished scholars have been professors here; and, when Würzburg was ceded to Bavaria, the government of that country invited many eminent men to fill its chairs. It also established. a Protestant theological faculty. But the changes which we have mentioned at the beginning of this article, were highly injurious to the institution, and, in 1809, it was reorganized according to the views of the Catholic clergy, who had remained far behind the spirit of the time. But when Würzburg was reunited with Bavaria, a new life was given to this institution. In 1818, Bavaria received a constitution; and the university has distinguished itself by the cultivation of constitutional law, which, however, has. found no favor with government. Since 1814, the number of students has been generally from 650 to 700; sometimes more. The foreign students, about 150 in number, are mostly connected with the medical faculty. In 1821, a professorship of French law was established for the Bavarian subjects of the circle of the Rhine. There is a faculty for teaching political economy. The library contains above 100,000 volumes. Gustavus Adolphus carried the whole library which he found there to Sweden. We should also mention the musical institute, in which instruction is given gratis in singing and playing. The school-masters of Bavaria are here instructed in music. The Bavarian government seems to patronise the new university of Munich somewhat at the expense of Würzburg.

WYAT, Sir Thomas, a distinguished courtier of the age of Henry VIII, son of sir Henry Wyat, master of the jewel of fice, was born in 1503, at Allington castle, in the county of Kent, the seat of the family. He commenced his academical

education at Cambridge, which he completed at Oxford, and, on quitting the university, went on his travels to the continent. On his return to England, he appeared at court, where the reputation he had already acquired as a wit and a poet, introduced him to the notice of Henry, who knighted him, and retained him about his person. In the affair respecting the king's divorce from queen Catharine, sir Thomas narrowly escaped losing the royal favor, by an indiscreet expression of his opinions on the subject; but, finding how the business must terminate, he had sufficient pliability of disposition to veer about in time, and, by a facetious remark on the possibility of "a man's repenting his sins without the leave of the court of Rome," so met the king's humor, that his influence increased rather than suffered any diminution. He was subsequently employed on several diplomatic missions to different powers, and died in 1541. His poetical works, which consist principally of love elegies, odes, &c., and a metrical translation of the Psalms, were published in conjunction with those of his contemporary and personal friend, the earl of Surrey. They evince more elegance of thought than imagination, while his mode of expression is far more artificial and labored than that of his friend. He must not be confounded with a sir Thomas Wyat who headed an insurrection in the reign of queen Mary.

WYCHERLEY, William, one of the wits and dramatists of the reign of Charles II, was the eldest son of a gentleman of Cleve, in Shropshire, where he was born about 1640. After receiving a school education, he was sent to France, where he embraced the Catholic religion. He returned to England a short time before the restoration, and, resuming Protestantism, was entered a gentleman commoner of Queen's college, Oxford, which he left without a degree, and took chambers in the Middle Temple. He paid, however, little attention to the law, but became a man of fashion on the town, and made himself known, in 1672, as the author of Love in a Wood, or St. James's Park, a comedy. This piece brought him into much notice: he became a favorite of the meretricious duchess of Cleveland, and was much regarded by Villiers, the witty and profligate duke of Buckingham, who made him captain-lieutenam in his own company, and one of his equerries, or masters of the horse. He was likewise u great favor with the king himself; but he lost the king's countenance by a clan

destine marriage with the countess of Drogtieda, a young, rich and beautiful widow, whose jealousy embittered their union. At her death, she settled her fortune upon him; but, his title being disputed, the costs of law and other encumbrances produced embarrassment, which ended in arrest. He remained in confinement seven years, until released by James II, who was so pleased with his comedy of the Plain Dealer, that he ordered his debts to be paid, and added a pension of £200 per annum. Wycherley's modesty rendering him unwilling to disclose the whole that he owed, he still remained involved until the death of his father, whose estate descended to him, but with considerable limitation, which prevented him raising money on it. He, however, discovered an expedient, by marrying, at the age of seventy-five, a young gentlewoman with a fortune of £1500, whom he recompensed with a good jointure. He died about fifteen days after the celebration of the nuptials, in 1715, enjoining his wife not to take an old man for her second husband. Besides the plays already mentioned, he wrote the comedies of the Gentleman Dancing-Master, and Country Wife, and a volume of poems, printed in 1660. The correspondence between him and Pope, then a youth, is printed in the collection of that poet's letters. He is now only remembered as a dramatist, and that principally by his Plain Dealer, and Country Wife, the latter of which is better known by the title of the Country Girl-a name given to a modern adaptation, which gets rid of much objectionable coarseness. His Plain Dealer may be deemed an English counterpart of the Misanthrope of Molière, displaying more license, with considerable wit, humor, and comic force of character. The Posthumous Works of Wycherley, in Prose and Verse, were published by Theobald, in 1728.

WYCLIFFE. (See Wickliff.)

WYKEHAM, William of, bishop of Winchester, and lord high chancellor of England, a distinguished prelate of the fourteenth century, was born at Wykeham,a village in Hampshire, in 1324, of respectable parents, but so poor that, but for the liberality of the lord of the manor of Wykeham, a liberal education would have been beyond his reach. On the completion of his studies, he became private secretary to his patron, and was by him recommended to the notice of Edward III. In 1356, Edward appointed him to superintend the erection of Windsor castle, as

surveyor of the works. (See Windsor.) On one of the towers he put an inscription, This made Wykeham. His enemies exclaimed against his presumption. Wykeham, however, assured the king that he had intended to intimate, that his diligence in forwarding the building_had raised him, through the favor of his prince, to his present rank. Wykeham, having taken holy orders, rose rapidly to the highest dignities in church and state. In 1366, he was elevated to the rich see of Winchester, and, in 1367, reached the highest point of his career, the chancellorship of England. This office he discharged with great ability nearly four years, distinguishing himself by his orderly management of his diocese, and by his disinterestedness in dedicating a large portion of his temporalities to the improvement of his cathedral, and the foundation of a grammar school at Winchester, which still exists as a monument of his munificence. (See Winchester.) In 1371, a party at court, opposed to the increasing wealth and influence of the clergy, and headed by John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, succeeded in persuading the parliament that his power was too great for a subject; and he was compelled to resign the seals. For the remainder of this reign, he continued apart from the court, consoled for his disgrace by the attachment of the people. On the accession of Richard, he was restored to his dignities and emoluments. In 1386, he completed his noble foundation of New college, Oxford. In the chapel belonging to this establishment, his crosier, or pastoral staff, is still preserved, supposed to be the only one in England. Scarcely was this college finished, when he commenced erecting another at Winchester which he also lived to see finished. lu 1391, he resigned the chancellorship. His death took place in 1404. (See his Life, by Lowth; and Milner's History of Winchester.)

On

WYNDHAM, Sir William, an eminent English senator and statesman, was born at Orchard-Wyndham, in Somersetshire, in 1687. His father, of the same name, had been created a baronet by Charles II. He was educated at Eton, whence he was removed to Christ-church, Oxford. quitting the university, he made the tour of the continent, and, on his return, was chosen knight of the shire for the county of Somerset. He soon became conspicuous as one of the ablest members of the house of commons; and, on the change of ministry which produced the treaty of