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1000 miles to Chili on the west.-Its population is estimated at 1,100,000.-The city of Buenos Ayres is supposed to contain about 60,000 inhabitants, and Monte Video about 30,000. The viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres declared its independence in 1816; but, though it encountered no opposition from the government of Spain, it has been distracted by civil wars, particularly with the Banda Orientale-the eastern shore of La Plata ; and by contests with the neighbouring provinces. It is said now to enjoy entire tranquility.

Peru is perhaps the least known of all the Spanish provinces. It is more than 1000 miles in length, from New Grenada to Chili, and stretches westward from Buenos Ayres to the Pacific Ocean. The Patriots have estimated its population at 1,700,000.

Lima, its principal city, was founded by Pizarro, and now contains about 53,000 inhabitants; of whom 17,000 are Spaniards, 9000 Negroes, 3000 Indians; and the rest a mixed race, the descendants of Spaniards and Indians.

Peru was liberated from the power of the Spaniards last Summer, by an army from Buenos Ayres and Chili, under the command of General San Martin. On the capture of Lima, on the 12th of June, 1821, they proclaimed their independence.

Chili, extending from Peru to the Archipelago of Chiloe, has, in fact, never been entirely conquered from the natives. The Arancanians, inhabiting about 300 miles of the southern part of Chili, having resolutely maintained their independence against all the attacks of the Spaniards since the first invasion of Diego Almagro; and the possession of the northern part of the country, which the Spaniards ultimately acquired, cost them more blood and treasure, than all the rest of the Continent. One of the finest poems in the Spanish language, the Arancana of Alonzo de Ercilla, celebrates the wars of this nation with their Spanish invaders.

Spanish Chili is about 780 miles long and 250 broad. Santiago, the capital, contains about 46,000 inhabitants; Valparaiso about 20,000. The number of inhabitants in the province has never been estimated. The people proclaimed their independence of Spain in 1818; and

have since been unmolested in the possession of their sovereignty.

These five communities are now introduced into the great society of nations. It is impossible to predict the moral and political effects of their independence; but when it is remembered that the blessings of freedom and knowledge are now placed within the reach of fifteen millions of the human race, no sentiments can arise in our hearts, but those of gratitude and joy. It is worthy of remark, that the human character has attained its highest perfection either in times of great agitation and calamity, or immediately after such periods.-An age of revolutions is always an age of great mental energy. In times of civil contention, there is a developement of talent, that, on ordinary occasions, would have remained concealed. And even among those, who, by birth or fortune, are placed at the summit of society, there is, in stirring times, an excitement of feeling-a kindling of imagination-that prepares them for great enterprises. From being obliged to act for themselves, they learn to think for themselves.

If these remarks are correct, we may indulge the brightest hopes of these Southern republics, including also the kingdom of Brazil. They have entered upon a career of almost endless improvement. And, though much disorder and confusion may attend the beginning of their course, they will soon attain the knowledge and freedom and civilization of the happiest states of Eu1ope."

The extensive Portuguese kingdom, or empire of the Brazils, above alluded to, is divided into eight governments, besides that of Rio Janeiro, including a population of 200,000 whites, 600,000 negroes, and 1,000,000 of natives.

The climate in the south is delicious, and the soil fer tile; but the north is exposed to rains, thunder and storms. The vallies are rich, the forests extensive, and the rivers and mountains are both numerous and grand.

Brazilian Diamond Mines are greatly celebrated, though inferior to those of the east; but diamonds constitute not the real wealth of this immense territory, they are inconsiderable when compared with the herds

of wild cattle which range the forests, and medicinal plants of rare virtues which every where abound.

British North America comprehends the extensive and valuable Provinces of Lower and Upper Canada, extending from the Gulph of St. Lawrence to Lake Winnipeg 1400 miles, and of the average breadth of 200 miles: To which may be added Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and the Bermudas or Summer Islands, about half way between Nova Scotia and the West Indies.

The West Indian Islands pertaining to Great Britain are not only numerous but valuable and important: comprising Jamaica, Barbadoes, St. Christopher, Antigua, Nevis, Barbuda, Anguila, Dominica, St. Luica, St. Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad, and the Virgin Islands; we have also the thriving settlement of Demerara, a part of the Southern Continent, &c.

Canada is in general mountainous and woody, but in the Upper Province there are savannas and plains of great beauty. The climate of the western parts of Upper Canada is not only healthful but agreeable. The cold, in winter, in every part is undoubtedly severe, but in compensation for this the sky is bright and cloudless, particularly conducive to health and longevity. The autumns of Upper Canada resemble very much those of Great Britain, though the spring is far from being as pleasant. The soil of the Upper Province is excellent, as is some portion of the Lower.

The Upper Province may probably contain at this time 230,000 inhabitants, and daily increasing; while the population of the Lower may not exceed 120,000, and is nearly stationary. One principal hindrance to the more rapid settlement of these valuable Colonies is, their proximity to the United States, and consequent exposure to invasion in case of any disagreement between the governments of Great Britain and America. Some future day, it appears almost certain, that the Canadas will either establish their own independence, or fraternise with their republican neighbours.

Our possessions in the West Indies are no less likely eventually to desert the nation which now renders them support.

The passing of the law for the abolition of the Slave Trade, and other restrictive measures of the parent country, have given to the planters and merchants of the West Indies no inconsiderable offence; and in most of their speeches on public occasions they manifest strong feelings of dissatisfaction. This dissatisfaction is not unknown to the slaves, who are many times the numerical strength of the planters; and in the event of any rupture, must necessarily contemplate complete emancipation, if not the entire possession of the property of their masters.

In case of their being voluntarily emancipated by the planters, the consequence, probably, would be union, and an attempt to establish a government, or governments independent of Great Britain. That such a change would be to the advantage of the islands is not very certain. But, supposing a revolt among the slaves, and their final ascendancy, the scenes which would follow are too horrible for contemplation; and we sincerely pray that the moderation and wisdom of government and the planters, will devise such means, and adopt such measures, as shall secure the just rights of all parties, and prevent the horrors of an insurrection.— Gradual, but total emancipation, with due encouragement to free blacks commencing business or planting, would attach them to that island, and to that community, of which they may form a part; and give them a fellow feeling, and a fellow interest in the peace and prosperity of the whole of the islands.

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