citadelle, d'une part, et, d'autre part, des palais, toute une petite ville royale (un Versailles, ou un Potsdam) élevée à l'abri de la forteresse. L'anomalie disparaît, si l'on rétablit le plan primitif (1). » - THE NORTHERN ENCLOSURE, GENERAL DESCRIPTION. At the present day, to visit the Citadel, one ascends from the Meydân in front of the Bâb al-'Azab by a somewhat steep road which divides at the Bâb al-Hattaba; the left branch descends to the Northern Cemetery («Tombs of the Khalifs », so-called), the right curves round and passes under the north-western corner of the northern enclosure, where there is a semi-circular tower (A) and a length of curtain wall resting on a low cliff of rock (Fig. 1, and Plates XXI-XXII). This road, which was made by Muḥammad 'Aly, on an artificial ramp, passes under the Bâb al-Gedìd, a great gateway with guard-rooms attached (Plate XXIV, ▲), also due to him, and rising steadily, passes through a second archway (Bâb alWusțâny) into the southern enclosure, in front of the mosques of an-Nâșir Muḥammad, 718 (1318), and Muḥammad Aly. On our left is the Bâb Qulla already referred to, which is the present entrance to the northern enclosure, or Citadel proper. This gateway is set in the centre of a straight wall of great thickness, the ends of which are marked by two great round towers (B and C); that to the left is 21 metres in diameter but only of moderate height, the other is 24 metres in diameter and about 25 metres high, measured outside the enclosure. To continue our examination of the northern enclosure, we must now make a detour, pass between the two great mosques already mentioned, turn to the left in front of Muḥammad 'Aly's Hall of Justice, turn to the left again, pass a tower of moderate size which covers the famous Well, and then, inclining to the right, leave by a gateway called the Bâb al-Gebel (Plates III and IV A). A splendid and imposing line of fortifications (Plates II, III and VIII) now appears on our left, running nearly due east towards the Muqaṭṭam, and another line (D) on our right runs away from the gate in a southerly direction, and therefore at right angles to the first. It is, however, of an entirely different type and possesses three towers only. Both these façades. spring from the great round tower (C), which marks the south end of the line (1) Citadelle, p. 577. of division between the two enclosures; it is the former façade which must now occupy our attention. It commences with a piece of curtain wall (E) 16 m. 50 in length, of smooth masonry with very narrow headers; then comes a curious salient of rusticated masonry (F), of which the blocks are much longer although the courses are almost the same in height. A length of smooth masonry (G) follows, similar to the first, and broken near its west end by a small half-round tower (Plate IV, A). This curtain wall, which has been reinforced with a very thick glacis, ends in a great tower (H) 20 metres square, of rusticated masonry like that already mentioned. A length (51 metres) of smooth curtain wall (I), broken by a small half-round tower (Plate VI, B), brings us to another square tower (J) of immense size (30 metres across the front), built of rusticated masonry like the other. Although merely one tower in a great enclosure, it is nevertheless larger than the great keep of Norwich Castle, which measures 96 feet by 93, and is 70 feet in height (29.25×28.33×21.33 m.) (1). This should enable English readers to realize the vast scale of the fortress we are studying. Separated from this great tower by 25 metres of smooth curtain wall are two half-round towers (K) placed close together (Plate VII), after which 59 metres of smooth curtain wall (L) brings us to the south-east angle tower (Plate VIII). One point must be emphasized here; all the half-round towers are of the same masonry as the curtain wall which is smooth, with very narrow headers. Hitherto, towers and curtain walls have risen from the ground level, but about 50 metres before reaching the corner, a new feature of great importance appears, a vertical cliff of rock about 8 to 9 metres high, which continues round the corner, and runs along the greater part of the east side, at first close to the curtain wall, but later at some 7 or 8 metres from it (see Plates I, VIII and IX, в). The corner we have now come to is nearer to the Muqaṭṭam than any other point in the Citadel, the distance being about 350 metres. On turning this corner, a strip of curtain wall (M), about 170 metres in length, nearly straight, and broken by two half-round towers (N), brings us to two very salient half-round towers, of much greater size than those we have (1) See E. A. BROWNE, Norman Architecture, p. 68. already met with, and, curiously enough, of rusticated masonry (Plate X). These, unlike the two coupled towers in the façade facing south, have scarcely any recess between them. Another strip of smooth curtain wall (0) 66 metres in length brings us to a half-round tower (P) of normal size, after which another length of 22 metres ends in a great tower (Q), nearly circular, of rusticated masonry, which dominates the valley between the Citadel and the Muqaṭṭam. On turning the corner we observe another (R) similar to it, but of even greater diameter (22 metres). These two towers are 22 metres apart (Plates XI-XII). The enclosure then doubles back on itself, and a length of 76 metres of smooth curtain wall, broken by one half-round tower (S), brings us to a reentrant angle, from which another strip 45 metres in length, and running north, ends in a half round angle tower (T), in size slightly larger than the many half-round ones we have already passed (Plates XVI and XVIII). Its masonry appears to be composed of re-employed material, as some blocks are rusticated and others are not. A nearly straight curtain wall (U) of similarly mixed blocks, ends abruptly after 83 metres, and a new wall (V) set back 7 metres, starts, and runs for 120 metres (Plates XIX and XX). At this point there is a great half-round tower (W), after which the wall changes its direction and continues for 95 metres more, ending in the north-western angle tower, which we passed before entering Muḥammad 'Aly's great vaulted gateway (Plate XXI). NORTHERN ENCLOSURE, DETAILED DESCRIPTION. Let us now return to the Bâb al-Gebel and make a detailed study of the enclosure, tower by tower. The socalled Muqaṭṭam Tower" of modern plans (Plates III-IV) is both in masonry and construction completely unlike anything else in this enclosure. Its masonry externally is smooth and good, but it is differentiated from that of the curtain walls and half-round towers by the absence of the narrow headers which distinguish the latter, and it has scarcely weathered at all, in complete contrast to the other, which has suffered so much, especially near the ground, that it is difficult to find a strip in fair condition ("). Internally, the The bad condition of the surface of the masonry was noticeable over 200 years ago and struck Maillet, who says: «En effet quoique les pierres, dont ses murs sont bâtis, soient d'une |