6. Length of Leg, including Height of Foot.-This is obtained by subtracting the height when kneeling from the total stature :

7. Proportion which the Limbs bear to the Trunk.-This is obtained by reducing the length of the trunk of the body (including the head and neck) and the length of the limbs to percentage terms, the former being taken as 100. Each body and limb length is worked out by the following formula:

Limb length x 100
Body length

which gives the Limb to Trunk Index. The several indices are then treated in the same manner as other measurements and indices, so as to show the index at the different grades:

The proportion which the limbs bear to the trunk in males of 1,828 mm. (6 feet) and upwards, of whom there are seven, at the 50th grade of this small series is 89.5, or exactly the same as at the 50th grade of the whole series of males. This series may be termed the tall class. In a series of six males whose stature is 1,613 mm. and under (5 feet 3 inches), it is at the 50th grade 86.5, which is practically the same as at the 25th grade of the whole series. Hence the lower limbs in the series of short men are proportionately somewhat shorter to the body length than in the tall series; but it cannot be said that in the latter series it is on account of the lower limbs being longer proportionately to the trunk length that the tall persons of the group owe their extra stature to. Both series are too small, however, to base any reliable conclusions upon.

8. Proportions which the Trunk and Lower Limbs bear to the Stature.The proportions contributed by the different parts of the body which go to make up its total stature are as follows:

The lower limb length, representing 47.7 per cent. of the stature in the males and 47 per cent. in the females, is made up as follows :

9. Vertical Projection or Height of the Head.-The vertical distance from the vertex of the head to the under-surface of the chin is as follows:

10. Vertical Length from Vertex to Mouth.-This is measured to the line of junction of the upper and lower lips, and corresponds to the junction of the upper and lower incisor teeth :

By subtracting this measurement from the former the vertical depth of the chin is obtained. Using the corrected means of the two measurements for this purpose, the depth of chin in the males is 43·4 mm., and in the females it is 40.8 mm., or 2.1 and 2.5 per cent. of their statures.

11. Cranial Height. This is represented by the vertical length from the vertex to a point opposite the middle of the tragus, which corresponds very closely to the upper border of the external auditory meatus. It is as follows:

12. Maximum Antero-posterior Length of the Cranium.

14. Proportions of the Head.

(a) Cephalic Index. The proportion of the breadth of the cranium to its length varies in the males from 69.6 to 87, and in the females from 72.6 to 86.6.

According to the International Division of the Cephalic Index the classification is as follows:

(b) Module of the Cranium.-This is obtained by adding its length, breadth, and height together, adding to the product 15 mm. in the case of males and 13 mm. in the case of females, to represent the projection of the cranium from the meatus auditorius to the basion, and dividing the sum by 3. It is as follows:

(c) Head Breadth-height Index.-This indicates the relation which the maximum breadth of the cranium bears to the vertical projection of the head, the latter being taken as 100. Estimated from the corrected means of these measurements it is 72.5 in the males and 70·1 in the females.

(d) Maximum Cranial Length to Vertical Height of Head Index.-Thevertical height of the head (vertex to chin) being taken as 100, the index is in the males 90.9 and in females 87.6.

(e) Vertical Cranial Height to Vertical Head Height Index.-The latter being taken as 100, the height of the cranium in relation to it is 60.8 in the males and 60·1 in the females.

(f) Vertical Height of Head to Stature.-The canon of proportion of the vertical height of the head to the total stature of the body (the latter being taken as 100) is 12-4 in the males, 13-0 in the females.

(g) Vertical Height of Cranium to Stature. In the males it is 7·5, and

in the females 7.9.

(h) Vertex to Mouth Length as compared with Stature.-In the males this is 9.9 and in the females 10.5.

15. Nose Length.—The length of the nose from the root to the lower angle varies from 44 mm. to 66 mm. in the males, and in the females. from 41 mm. to 55 mm.

25th Grade 50th Grade 75th Grade Q Corrected Mean

18. Face Length.-This is measured from the root of the nose at the same point as that from which the length of the nose starts to the undersurface of the chin.

19. Face Breadth.-Measured between the external surfaces of the zygomatic arches at the vertex of each arch. It is therefore the maximum breadth of face.

20. Face Index, or the relation which the face breadth bears to the face length, the latter (nasio-mental length) being taken as 100.

21. Length of Upper Limb.—Measured from under the acromion process to the tip of the middle finger in a straight line parallel with the long axis of the arm.

Owing to difficulties connected with dress this measurement was not taken in females.

23. Length of Hand.-This is ascertained by placing a steel measuring tape round the wrist so that the upper border of the tape crosses immediately below the tips of the styloid processes of the radius and ulna, and measuring from the upper border of the tape, midway between each side of the wrist, to the extremity of the middle finger.

24. Proportions which the Upper Limb bears to the Stature and to its different Segments, and the mean lengths of the latter.

(a) The proportion which the whole upper limb bears to the stature in the males is 43.2 per cent.

(b) The proportion which the length of the cubit bears to the stature is 267 per cent. in the males and 25.9 per cent. in the females.

(c) The lengths of the three segments of the upper limb as obtained by subtraction from the corrected means of the last three measurements (21, 22, and 23) are as follows :

(d) The proportion which the length of the upper arm bears to the stature is 16.5 per cent. in the males.

(e) The proportion which the length of the forearm bears to the
stature is 15.4 in the males and 15.1 in the females.

(f) The proportion which the length of the hand bears to the
stature is 11.2 in the males and 10-8 per cent. in the females.
(g) The proportion which the length of the forearm bears to that
of the upper arm (the latter being taken as 100) is 94.5 per
cent. in the males.

(h) The proportion which the length of the hand bears to that of
the forearm (the latter being taken as 100) is 72.6 per cent. in
the males and 71.1 in the females.

25. Span of Arms.-This is measured across the back, while the arms are extended at right angles to the long axis of the body.

26. Maximum Bihumeral or Shoulder Breadth.-This gives the greatest breadth of the shoulders, and is measured between the most prominent external surfaces of the deltoid muscles.

27. Maximum Bitrochanteric or Hip Breadth.-This is the greatest width from the external surface of the trochanter of the one femur to that of the other measured while the subject stands erect with the fee close together and parallel.