APPENDIX II.

Directions for Measurement.

Instrument required for these measurements :-The 'Traveller's Anthropometer,' manufactured by Aston & Mander, 25 Old Compton Street, London, W.C.; price 37. 38. complete; without 2-metre steel measuring tape and box footpiece, 27. 10s. With this instrument all the measurements can be taken. In a permanent laboratory it will be found convenient to have a fixed graduated standard for measuring the height, or a scale affixed to a wall. For field work a tape measure may be temporarily suspended to a rigid vertical support, with the zero just touching the ground or floor. A 2-metre tape, a pair of folding callipers, a folding square, all of which are graduated in millimetres, and a small set-square can be obtained from Aston & Mander for 1. 68.; with this small equipment all the necessary measurements can be taken.

Height Standing. The subject should stand perfectly upright, with his back to the standard or fixed tape, and his eyes directed horizontally forwards. Care should be taken that the standard or support for the tape is vertical. The stature may be measured by placing the person with his back against a wall to which a metre scale has been affixed. The height is determined by placing a carpenter's square or a large set-square against the support in such a manner that the lower edge is at right angles to the scale; the square should be placed well above the head, and then brought down till its lower edge feels the resistance of the top of the head. The observer should be careful that the height is taken in the middle line of the head. If the subject should object to take off his boots, measure the thickness of the boot-heel, and deduct it from stature indicated in boots.

Height Sitting.-For this the subject should be seated on a low stool or bench, having behind it a graduated rod or tape with its zero level with the seat; he should sit perfectly erect, with his back well in against the scale. Then proceed as in measuring the height standing. The square should be employed here also if the tape against a wall is used.

Length of Cranium.-Measured with callipers from the most prominent part of the projection between the eyebrows (glabella) to the most distant point at the back of the head in the middle line. Care should be taken to keep the end of the callipers steady on the glabella by holding it there with the fingers, while the other extremity is searching for the maximum projection of the head behind.

Breadth of Cranium. The maximum breadth of head, which is usually about the level of the top of the ears, is measured at right angles to the length. Care must be taken to hold the instrument so that both its points are exactly on the same horizontal level.

Face Length. This is measured from the slight furrow which marks the root of the nose, and which is about the level of a line drawn from the centre of the pupil of one eye to that of the other, to the under part of the chin. Should there be two furrows, as is often the case, measure from between them.

Upper Face Length. From root of nose to the interval between the two central front teeth at their roots.

Face Breadth.-Maximum breadth of face between the bony projections in front of the ears.

Inter-ocular Breadth.-Width between the internal angles of the eyes. While this is being measured the subject should shut his eyes.

Bigonial Breadth.-Breadth of face at the outer surface of the angles of the lower jaw below the ears.

Nose Length. From the furrow at root of nose to the angle between the nose and the upper lip in the middle line.

Breadth of Nose.-Measured horizontally across the nostrils at the widest part, but without compressing the nostrils.

Height of Head. The head should be so held that the eyes look straight orward to a point at the same level as themselves-i.e. the plane of vision hould be exactly horizontal. The rod of the Anthropometer should be held vertically in front of the face of the subject, and the upper straight arm should be extended as far as possible and placed along the middle line of the head; the shorter lower arm should be pushed up to the lower surface of the chin. When measured with the square the depending bar must be held vertically in front of the face (with the assistance of the spirit-level or plumb-line), and the small set-square passed up this arm from below in such a manner that its horizontal upper edge will come into contact with the lower contour of the chin. The distance between the lower edge of the horizontal bar of the square and the upper edge of the set-square can be read off, and this will be the maximum height of the head.

Height of Cranium.-The head being held in precisely the same manner as in measuring the height of the head, the instrument is rotated to the left side of the head, its upper bar still resting on the crown, and the recording arm (or the set-square) is pointed to the centre of the line of attachment of the small projecting cartilage in front of the ear-hole.

NOTE. It is essential that these rules should be strictly followed in order to secure accuracy. All measurements must be made in millimetres. If possible, the subject's weight should be obtained, and recorded in the place set apart for remarks. The observer is recommended to procure Notes and Queries on Anthropology,' 2nd edition, from the Anthropological Institute, 3 Hanover Square, London, W.; net price, 3s. 6d.

APPENDIX III.

The Ethnographical Survey of Ireland.—Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. C. R. BROWNE, Professor D. J. CUNNINGHAM, Dr. S. HAUGHTON, Professor E. PERCEVAL Wright, and Professor A. C. HADDON (Secretary). (Drawn up by the Secretary.)

The following is a brief statement of the work done by the Committee of the Ethnographical Survey of Ireland.

DUBLIN.

A note on the steps then taken and the chief objects in view was read before the Anthropological Institute in August 1891. In December of the same year Dr. Browne made a communication 2 to the Royal Irish Academy on some instruments.

1 Cunningham, D. J., and Haddon, A. C., The Anthropometric Laboratory of Ireland,' Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vol. xxi. 1891, pp. 35–38.

2 Browne, C. R., Some New Anthropometrical Instruments,' Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. [3], vol. ii. 1892, pp. 397-399, 2 figs.

Measurements and observations have since then been continuously made in the Anthropometric Laboratory in Trinity College, Dublin, and up to the present time nearly 500 persons have been measured. tabulation of the results has been commenced.

5

The

The first ethnographical field excursion was to the Aran Islands in Galway Bay. Instead of attention being confined to anthropometric data it was deemed advisable to make a sociological study of the people as well. The table of contents of the report as read before the Royal Irish Academy on December 12, 1892, is as follows:-'I. INTRODUCTION; II. PHYSIOGRAPHY; III. ANTHROPOGRAPHY. 1. Methods: (A) Hair and Eye Colour, (B) Head, Face, and Body Measurements, (c) Instruments used, (D) General Remarks on Methods employed, (E) Photography. 2. (A) Physical Characters, (B) Statistics of Hair and Eye Colour, (c) Detailed List of Measurements, (D) Analysis of the Statistical Tables. 3. Vital Statistics (General and Economic): (A) Population, (B) Acreage and Rental, (c) Language and "Illiterancy," (D) Health. 4. Psychology. 5. Language, Folk-names. IV. SOCIOLOGY. 1. Occupations; 2. Family-life and Customs; 3. Clothing; 4. Dwellings; 5. Transport. V. FOLK-LORE; VI. ARCHEOLOGY. 1. Survivals; 2. Christian Antiquities; 3. Pagan Antiquities. VII. HISTORY; VIII. ETHNOLOGY; IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY.'

The second expedition was to Inishbofin and Inishshark, islands off the North Galway coast. The report, which was on the same lines as the previous one, was read before the Academy on November 30, 1894.

The craniology of the Irish has not been neglected by the Committee, and accounts have been published of crania from the Aran Islands,1 Inishbofin, 9, and co. Tipperary.3 Dr. W. Frazer also describes two Irish crania in Proc. Roy. Irish Acad.' [3], vol. ii. 1893, pp. 643–647. For folk-lore papers", 5, 6, 7, and 9 may be consulted.

This summer Dr. Browne made a third expedition to the west coast of Ireland, and has brought back a large series of measurements and observations from the district of Erris, in co. Mayo, which will be duly published by the Royal Irish Academy.

BELFAST.

An

An ethnographical committee has been established in Belfast. account of its formation will be found in the Annual Report and Proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club,' iii. 1892–93, p. 542, and

3 Browne, C. R., 'On some Crania from Tipperary,' Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 1893, pp. 649-654. Haddon, A. C., Studies in Irish Craniology: The Aran Islands, Co. Galway, Ibid., pp. 759–767.

Haddon, A. C., and Browne, C. R., The Ethnology of the Aran Islands, Co. Galway,' Ibid., pp. 768-830, 1 fig. pls. xxii.-xxiv.

Haddon, A. C., A Batch of Irish Folk-lore' (with collections by Miss Emily Fitzgerald, Miss Sinclair, Mr. D. H. Lane, Dr. C. R. Browne, Miss G. C. Campbell, Miss A. Watson, and others), Folk-lore, vol. iv. 1893, pp. 349–364.

་

Haddon, A. C., The Aran Islands, Co. Galway: A Study in Irish Ethnography,' Irish Naturalist, vol. ii. 1893, pp. 303-308, pl. viii. (abstract of No. 5).

Haddon, A. C., Studies in Irish Craniology: II. Inishbofin, Co. Galway,' Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. [3], vol. iii. 1894, pp. 311-316.

Browne, C. R., The Ethnography of Inishbofin and Inishshark, Co. Galway,' Ibid., pp. 317-370, pls. viii., ix.

iv. 1893-94, p. 52. The half-dozen papers, 1-6, that have been published by the Belfast Committee are on purely folk-lore subjects. This energetic club also studies local archæology, which is also, within limits, a branch of ethnography. Since the Committee has been formed the following papers have been published :-Gray, W., paper on 'Worked Flints: Ancient and Modern' (vol. iii. pp. 548-569, 3 figs., pls. i.-viii.); Dickson, J. M., 'Relative Antiquity of Rath, Cromleac, and Burial Tumulus, as evidenced by some Ancient Remains near Dromore, Co. Down' (vol. iv. pp. 55-70, 1 fig.); Bigger, F. J., 'Prehistoric and Historic Forts and Raths in the City and Vicinity of Belfast' (iv. pp. 71-81, 4 plans). Mr. R. Welch, a member of the Committee, is making a most valuable series of photographs illustrative of the ethnography of Ireland, especially of Ulster.

The Lake Village at Glastonbury.-Report of the Committee consisting of Dr. R. MUNRO (Chairman), Mr. A. BULLEID (Secretary), Professor W. BOYD DAWKINS, General PITT-RIVERS, and Sir JOHN EVANS. (Drawn up by the Secretary.)

THE work at the British lake village near Glastonbury has been much retarded by the flood-water that accumulated during the winter, and by the heavy rains during the spring. Digging had to be abandoned last autumn a fortnight after the Association meeting at Nottingham, and it was not until the early part of May this year that the water had fallen low enough to allow a recommencement of the investigations; even up to the date of writing, July 10, it is still necessary to keep the pumps in daily During the seasons of 1892 and 1893 the time was chiefly taken up with the examination of fifteen dwelling mounds, and of the causeway and other stone and timber structures in the peat outside the village margin. This year, so far, has been occupied with tracing the village border to the extent of 550 feet, or about one-third of its total circumference; and the investigations have not only brought to light much valuable information relating to the size and shape of the village, but have established the following facts:

use.

(a) That the village was originally surrounded by the water of a shallow mere.

(b) That five feet of peat accumulated during its occupation.

(c) That a strong palisading of posts and piles protected the village. (d) That the groundwork of the village, so far at least as its margin is concerned, is artificial for the depth of five feet.

The palisading at the edge of the village is formed of piles three to nine inches in diameter, and from five to eleven feet in length, kept together by more or less coarse hurdle-work. Although in many places the piles are much displaced and decayed, yet they form a fairly perfect and continuous though irregular line-at some parts they are placed so 1 Bigger, F. J., Local Folk-lore,' Belfast Nat. Field Club, Ann. Rep. and Proc. [2], vol. iii. 1892-93, pp. 545-548.

2 Mollan, Lily S., Pishogues from Tipperary,' Ibid., pp. 571–573. Patterson, W. H., Irish Fairies,' Ibid., pp. 573–583.

Blair (Mrs.), Items of Folk-lore, principally from Co. Down,' Ibid., pp. 583-586. 5 Patterson, Clara M., A Few Children's Games,' Ibid., vol. iv. 1892-94, pp. 48-52.

• Gray, W., 'Our Holy Wells: A Folk-lore Chapter,' Ibid., pp. 86–95.