College. June 5, 1894. FIG. 7.-Wire-drawing Calorimeter. Experiment at the Central Technical

11.55 12 0 12.5 12.10 12.15 12.20 12.25 12.30 12.85 12.40 12.45

EE

The moisture found by condensing some steam and determining the amount of salt during the same trials was as follows :—

Prehistoric and Ancient Remains of Glamorganshire.—Second Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. C. T. VACHELL (Chairman), Lord BUTE, Mr. G. T. CLARK, Mr. R. W. ATKINSON, Mr. FRANKLEN G. EVANS, Mr. JAMES BELL, Mr. T. H. THOMAS, Dr. G. J. GARSON, and Mr. E. SEWARD (Secretary). (Drawn up by the Secretary.)

ALTHOUGH a list of all the known prehistoric and ancient remains of Glamorganshire has been compiled on forms issued by your Committee, the work of specially indicating on maps the ancient remains already registered has not yet been accomplished.

The desirability of increasing opportunities for work among persons in the district has been felt, and the Cardiff Naturalists' Society, with whom the movement originated, have recently formed an archæological section. This course was to some extent due to a visit of the British Archæological Association to Cardiff, during which many objects of prehistoric and archæological interest were investigated and described. The archæological section of the Naturalists' Society consists of about fifty members, and it is intended that one of its objects shall be to assist in registering the position of ancient remains on maps. Your Committee wish to co-operate with the archæological section of the Naturalists' Society, and request the sanction of the Association for carrying this out. Such a connection will tend to widen the interest in the work and to increase the number of those who may be expected to join in it.

It may be stated that the Cardiff Naturalists' Society have already carried out useful archæological work within the county. Of the inspections, reports, and sketches, &c., which have been made, one may be specially mentioned, viz., a paper by Mr. T. H. Thomas on the ancient inscribed crosses of Glamorganshire, beautifully illustrated by photographs, and published in the Society's Transactions for 1893.

During June 1894 an examination of certain mounds on the Ely Racecourse, near Cardiff, was made by the Cardiff Naturalists' Society. These mounds were first discovered by Mr. John Storrie, one of its

members. They have proved to be the remains of a considerable Roman villa, and fragments of hypocaust pipes, Samian ware, and light grey prehistoric pottery, together with black pottery and Roman coins, have been found.

Through the Museum Committee of the Cardiff County Council casts in plaster of two of the most remarkable of these crosses have been secured. These casts have lately been placed in the Cardiff Museum as a nucleus of a typical collection of casts of the ancient inscribed stones and crosses of Glamorganshire.

In addition, the whole of the known inscribed crosses, with two or three exceptions, have been photographed by Mr. T. Mansell Franklen, the Clerk of the Peace for Glamorganshire, and these are available for purposes of study in the Reference-room of the Cardiff Central Free Library.

Ethnographical Survey of the United Kingdom.-Second Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. E. W. BRABROOK (Chairman), Mr. FRANCIS GALTON, Dr. J. G. GARSON, Professor A. C. HADDON, Dr. JOSEPH ANDERSON, Mr. J. ROMILLY ALLEN, Dr. J. BEDDOE, Professor D. J. CUNNINGHAM, Professor W. BOYD DAWKINS, Mr. ARTHUR EVANS, Mr. E. SIDNEY HARTLAND, Sir H. HOWORTH, Professor R. MELDOLA, General PITT-RIVERS, Mr. E. G. RAVENSTEIN, and Mr. G. W. BLOXAM (Secretary). (Drawn up by the Chairman.)

APPENDIX

I. Form of Schedule.

II. Directions for Measurement

III. The Ethnographical Survey of Ireland.-Report of the Committee

PAGE

426

428

429

1. As in the previous year, the Committee have had the advantage of the co-operation of several gentlemen not members of the Association, but delegates of various learned bodies who are interested in the Survey. They have to deplore the loss, by death, of one of these gentlemen, Mr. H. S. Milman, director of the Society of Antiquaries, who had been delegated by that Society and had rendered much assistance in the earlier stages of the work. His place has been filled by the election by the same Society of its Vice-President, Mr. Granville Leveson-Gower, of Titsey Place, as a delegate to this Committee. His colleague, Mr. George Payne, and Mr. E. Clodd, Mr. G. L. Gomme, and Mr. J. Jacobs, the representatives of the Folk Lore Society, Sir C. M. Kennedy, K.C.M.G., representing the Royal Statistical Society, Mr. Edward Laws, the Ven. Archdeacon Thomas, Mr. S. W. Williams, and Professor John Rhys, representing the Cambrian Archæological Association, and Dr. C. R. Browne, a representative of the Royal Irish Academy, have continued their valuable services. Some other members of the Committee are delegated by the Anthropological Institute.

2. In their first report the Committee presented a list of 264 villages or places which, in the opinion of competent persons consulted by the Committee, appeared especially to deserve ethnographic study, and they appended to the list observations furnished by their correspondents on the special characteristics of such villages and places, which rendered them typical. This considerable number does not exhaust the supply of names

of places, several more having been received since the first report was prepared.

3. In the first report it was stated that no villages had been suggested in Northumberland. This omission has since been supplied by the kindness of Mr. R. O. Heslop, who has furnished the following list :-

NORTH.-Tweedmouth, Berwick (Romany influence in folk speech), Ford, Cornhill, Lowick, Wooler, Belford, Bamburgh, Embleton, Longbroughton, Alnwick, Whittingham, Warkworth, Rothbury, Harbottle, Elsdon.

SOUTH.-Morpeth, Whalton, Stamfordham, Ponteland.

TYNESIDE (co. of Durham).-Blaydon, Winlaton Swalwill, Whickham, Low-Fell, Birtley, Usworth.

NORTHUMBERLAND.-Newburn, Newcastle (keelmen's quarter), North

Shields.

WEST TYNE. Wylam, Hedley-on-the-Hill, Slaley, Blanchland, Corbridge, Hexham (a tinker and Irish quarter), Acomb, Humshagh, Birtley, Wark, Bellingham, Bardon Mill, Haydon Bridge, Whitfield. SOUTH-WESTERN (mixture of lead-mining population).—Allendale Town, Allenheads, Slaggyford, Haltwhistle.

Mr. Heslop thinks that capable observers could be obtained at the places printed in italics, and has furnished the following summary of the special features of the district:

Fishermen (self-contained and intermarried communities).-Berwick, Spital, Holy Island, North Sunderland, Newton, Boulmer, Newbiggin, Cullercoats.

Pilots and Boatmen.-North and South Shields.

(Pitmen.-Bachworth, Seghill, Acklington.

Keelmen.-Sandgate, (Newcastle), Dunston, Blaydon, Lemington, Felling Shore (co. Durham).

The pitmen and keelmen of the Tyne are chiefly descended from the Border clans.

Shepherds. Harbottle, Wooler, Head of Reedsdale. (The Cheviot men, of the wide district embracing the Cheviot range on the Northunberland side, would have to be observed from these points.)

4. Mr. E. W. Cox, of Bebington, has furnished the following list of places in the neighbourhood of that part of Cheshire and Lancashire :—

Mr. Cox describes these as quiet, primitive, and little altered rural places, having strong characteristics of race. For example, at Crosby there is a dark, sallow, small tribe, of idle and listless habits, given to petty thefts, full of superstitions, and difficult to train. Adjacent to these, at North Meols, the flat district near Southport, is a large, stoutly built race of light complexion and hair, fresh-coloured, honest, lethargic, good husbandmen, with a Flemish or Dutch type of face and figure. Till the last century, or the early part of this century, these folks were entirely local and cut off from association with any considerable town or traffic; they have their own ways and customs, fast becoming obsolete.

5. In the peninsula of Lleyn, the S.W. part of Carnarvonshire, Professor Anwyl has furnished the following additional names of places :

Aberdaron. The men of this village and neighbourhood, at the extreme end of the peninsula, are known over the greater part of Wales as 'gwirioniaid Aberdaron,' or 'the fools of Aberdaron. Many of them still have probably never seen a railway train, and their acquaintance with town life is very imperfect. A distinction must, however, be drawn between the occupiers of the large and flourishing farms of the neighbourhood, such as Bodwrdda, Meillionydd, and the like, and the inhabitants of the mud houses situated on the barren moorland known as Rhos Hirwaen, in the central part of the far end of the peninsula. The inhabitants of this extensive waste, dotted with occasional homesteads, are considered by the neighbourhood around to be inferior in intelligence. However that may be, their civilisation is at a distinctly lower level than that of the people living on the main roads between the extreme end of the peninsula and Pwllheli and Nevin. This is due largely to economical causes the land on which they live is very poor, and consequently they have not the means of providing the adjuncts of civilisation. Professor Anwyl has heard one family, whose members are scattered over this moorland, called 'teulu y_Carthod,' but has not been able to discover why they were so called. They are looked upon as the lowest in intelligence in the district. One said to be a member of this family was of a rather swarthy complexion, possessing in appearance a somewhat Mongolian cast of features. The forehead was small and the hair dark. In visiting the Board school of Llidiardau, to which the children of this district go, Professor Anwyl was struck with what appeared to be a marked absence of faces of any prettiness. On the top of a hill called Mynydd Bodwrdda, in the immediate neighbourhood of this district, there are remains of earthworks. On a farm called Penybont, at the end nearest Pwllheli of Rhos Hirwaen, is a very conspicuous monolith. The district of Aberdaron includes the promontory of Braichypwll, on the coast over against Bardsey Island. On a plot of ground facing the Bardsey sound there are remains of an old church, generally connected with the ancient pilgrimages to Bardsey.