above mentioned, and also from its being worn SYRINX (oúptys), the Pan's pipe, or Pandean pipe, was the appropriate musical instrument of the Arcadian and other Grecian shepherds, and was regarded by them as the invention of Pan, their tutelary god. When the Roman poets had occasion to mention it, they called it fistula. It was formed in gen SYNDICUS (ovvdikos) an advocate, is fre- | say, seems to be evident from its use at table quently used as synonymous with the word synegorus (ovvyopos), to denote any one who pleads the cause of another, whether in a court of justice or elsewhere, but was peculiarly applied to those orators who were sent by the state to plead the cause of their countrymen before a foreign tribunal. Aeschines, for example, was appointed to plead before the Amphictyonic council on the subject of the Delian temple; but a certain discovery having been made, not very creditable to his patriotism, the court of Areopagus took upon themselves to remove him, and appoint Hyperides in his stead. There were other syndici, who acted rather as magistrates or judges than as advocates, though they probably derived their name from the circumstance of their being appointed to protect the interests of the state. These were extraordinary functionaries, created from time to time to exercise a jurisdiction in disputes concerning confiscated property. SYNTHESIS, a garment frequently worn at dinner, and sometimes also on other occasions. As it was inconvenient to wear the toga at the table, on account of its many folds, it was customary to have dresses especially appropriated to this purpose, called vestes coenatoriae, or coenatoria, accubitoria, or syntheses. The synthesis appears to have been a kind of tunic, an indumentum rather than an amictus.. [AMICTUS.] That it was, however, an easy and comfortable kind of dress, as we should Pan with a Syrinx. SYSSITIA. TABELLA. 307 eral of seven hollow stems of cane or reed, | the individual was required to send a present to fitted together by means of wax, having been his table. Each person was supplied with a previously cut to the proper lengths, and ad- cup of mixed wine, which was filled again justed so as to form an octave; but sometimes when required: but drinking to excess was nine were admitted, giving an equal number prohibited at Sparta as well as in Crete. The of notes. A syrinx of eight reeds is represent- repast was of a plain and simple character, ed in p. 235. and the contribution of each member of a mess (pediτns) was settled by law. The principal dish was the black broth (uéλaç Swμós), with pork. Moreover, the entertainment was enlivened by cheerful conversation, though on public matters. Singing also was frequently introduced. The arrangements were under the superintendence of the polemarchs. SYRMA (oúpua), which properly means that which is drawn or dragged (from oúpw), is applied to a dress with a train. It was more especially the name of the dress worn by the tragic actors, which had a train to it trailing upon the ground. Hence we find syrma used metaphorically for tragedy itself. SYSSITIA (ovooiria). The custom of taking the principal meal of the day in public prevailed extensively amongst the Greeks from very early ages, but more particularly in Crete and at Sparta. The Cretan name for the syssitia was Andreia (úvdpeia), the singular of which is used to denote the building or public hall where they were given. This title affords of itself a sufficient indication that they were confined to men and youths only. All the adult citizens partook of the public meals amongst the Cretans, and were divided into companies or messes," called hetaeriae (έTaipiai), or sometimes andreia. The syssitia of the Cretans were distinguished by simplicity and teinperance. They always sat at their tables, even in later times, when the custom of reclining had been introduced at Sparta. 66 In most of the Cretan cities, the expenses of the syssitia were defrayed out of the revenues of the public lands, and the tribute paid by the perioeci, the money arising from which was applied partly to the service of the gods, and partly to the maintenance of all the citizens, both male and female; so that in this respect there might be no difference between the rich and the poor. T. TABELLA, dim. of TABULA, a billet or tablet, with which each citizen and judex voted in the comitia and courts of justice. In the comitia, if the business was the passing of a law, each citizen was provided with two tabellae, one inscribed V. R. i. e. Uti Rogas, "I vote for the law," the other inscribed A. i. e. Antiquo, "I am for the old law." If the business was the election of a magistrate, each citizen was supplied with only one tablet, on which the names of the candidates were written, or the initials of their names; the voter then placed a mark (punctum) against the one for whom he voted, whence puncta are spoken of in the sense of votes. For further particulars respecting the voting in the comitia, see DIRIBITORES and SITULA. The judices were provided with three tabellae: one of which was marked with A. i. e. Absolvo, "I acquit;" the second with C. i. e. Condemno, "I condemn;" and the third with N. L. i. e. Non Liquet, "It is not clear to me." The first of these was called Tabella absolutoria, and the second Tabella damnatoria, and hence Cicero calls the former litera_salutaris, and the latter litera tristis. [LEGES TABELLARIAE.] The Spartan syssitia were in the main so similar to those of Crete, that one was said to be borrowed from the other. They differed from the Cretan in the following respects. The expenses of the tables at Sparta were The annexed cut is taken from a coin, in not defrayed out of the public revenues, but which a man is represented in the act of placevery head of a family was obliged to contrib-ing a tabella, marked with the letter A (i. e. ute a certain portion at his own cost and absolvo), in the cista. charge: those who were not able to do so were excluded from the public tables. The guests were divided into companies, generally of fifteen persons each, and all vacancies were filled up by ballot, in which unanimous consent was indispensable for election. No persons, not even the kings, were excused from attendance at the public tables, except for some satisfactory reason, as when engaged in a sacrifice, or a chase, in which latter case Tabella, Voting-Tablet. TABELLA'RIUS, a letter-carrier. As the Romans had no public post, they were obliged to employ special messengers, who were called Tabellarii, to convey their letters (tabellae, literae), when they had not an opportunity of sending them otherwise. TABERNA CULUM. [TEMPLUM.] TABLI'NUM. [DOмUS, p. 125.] TALARIA. letters were frequently written upon them, which were secured by being fastened together with packthread and sealed with wax. Legal documents, and especially wills, were almost always written on waxen tablets. Such tablets were also used for accounts, in which a person entered what he received and expended (tabulae or codex accepti et expensi), whence novae tabulae mean an abolition of debts either wholly or in part. The tablets used in voting in the comitia and the courts of justice were also called tabulae, as well as tabellae. [TABELLA.] TABULA RIUM, a place where the public records (tabulae publicae) were kept. These records were of various kinds, as for instance senatusconsulta, tabulae censoriae, registers of births, deaths, of the names of those who assumed the toga virilis, &c. There were various tabularia at Rome, all of which were in temples; we find mention made of tabularia in the temples of the Nymphs, of Lucina, of Juventus, of Libitina, of Ceres, and more especially in that of Saturn, which was also the public treasury. TA BULAE. This word proper y means planks or boards, whence it is applied to sev eral objects, as gaming-tables, pictures, but more especially to tablets used for writing. Generally, tabulae and tabellae signify waxen tablets (tabulae ceratae), which were thin pieces of wood, usually of an oblong shape, covered over with wax (cera). The wax was written on by means of the stilus. These tabulae were sometimes made of ivory and citronwood, but generally of the wood of a more common tree, as the beech, fir, &c. The outer sides of the tablets consisted merely of the wood; it was only the inner sides that were covered over with wax. They were fastened together at the back by means of wires, which answered the purpose of hinges, TAGUS (Tayós), a leader or general, was so that they opened and shut like our books; more especially the name of the military leadand to prevent the wax of one tablet rubbing er of the Thessalians. He is sometimes callagainst the wax of the other, there was a ed king (ẞaoihɛúc). His command was of a raised margin around each, as is clearly seen military rather than of a civil nature, and he in the wood-cut on p. 302. There were some- seems only to have been appointed when times two, three, four, five, or even more, there was a war or one was apprehended. tablets fastened together in the above-men- We do not know the extent of the power tioned manner. Two such tablets were call- which the Tagus possessed constitutionally, ed diptycha (Sínтνxа), which merely means nor the time for which he held the office; "twice-folded" (from Túσow "to fold"), probably neither was precisely fixed, and dewhence we havе ятуктíον, or with the Tpended on the circumstances of the times and omitted, πυκτίον. The Latin word pugil- the character of the individual. lares, which is the name frequently given to tablets covered with wax, may perhaps be connected with the same root, though it is usually derived from pugillus, because they were small enough to be held in the hand. Three tablets fastened together were called triptycha; in the same way we also read of pentaptycha, and of polyptycha or multiplices (cerae). The pages of these tablets were frequently called by the name of cerue alone; thus we read of prima cera, altera cera, "first page,' ," "second page." In tablets containing important legal documents, especially wills, the outer edges were pierced through with holes (foramina), through which a triple thread (linum) was passed, and upon which a seal was then placed. This was intended to guard against forgery, and if it was not done, such documents were null and void. Waxen tablets were used among the Roinans for almost every species of writing, where great length was not required. Thus TALA RIA, small wings fixed to the ankles of Mercury, and reckoned among his attributes. In many works of ancient art they are represented growing from his ankles as if they were a part of his bodily frame; but more frequently they are attached to him as a part of his dress, agreeably to the description of the poets; and this is commonly Talaria. 1 TALENTUM. done by representing him with sandals, which have wings fastened to them on each side over the ankles. But there is a most beautiful bronze statue of this divinity in the museum at Naples, in which the artist, instead of the sole of a sandal, has made the straps unite in a rosette under the middle of the foot, evidently intending, by this elegant device, to represent the messenger of the gods as borne through space without touching the ground. A representation is seen in the preceding cut. TALA'SSIO. [MATRIMONIUM, p. 211.] TALENTUM (Túhavrov) meant originally a balance [LIBRA], then the substance weighed, and lastly and commonly, a certain weight, the talent. The Greek system of money, as well as the Roman [As], was founded on a reference to weight. A certain weight of silver among the Greeks, as of copper among the Romans, was used as a representative of a value, which was originally and generally that of the metal itself. The talent, therefore, and its divisions, are denominations of money, as well as of weight. The Greek system of weights contained four principal denominations, which, though different in different times and places, and even at the same place for different substances, always bore the same relation to each other. These were the talent (ráλavτov), which was the largest, then the mina (uva), the drachma (dpaxuń), and the obolus (oßoλós). Their relative values are exhibited in the following table :- Obol 6 Drachma the use of the term great talent (magnum talentum), which we find in Latin authors, for the silver Attic talent was great in comparison with this. But the use of the word by the Romans is altogether very inexact. Where talents are mentioned in the classical writers without any specification of the standard, we must generally understand the Attic. TALUS (ȧorpayaλoç), a ḥuckle-bone. The huckle-bones of sheep and goats were used to play with from the earliest times, principally by women and children, occasionally by old men. To play at this game was sometimes called TEVTaλioíčεiv, because five bones or other objects of a similar kind were employed; and this number is retained among ourselves. The following cut, taken from an ancient painting, represents a woman, who, having thrown the bones upwards into the air, has caught three of them on the back of her hand. The Attic and Aeginetan were the two standards of money most in use in Greece. The Attic mina was 4l. 1s. 3d., and the talent 2431. 15s. The Aeginetan mina was 51. 14s. 7d., and the talent 3431. 15s. The Euboic talent was of nearly the same weight as the Attic. A much smaller talent was in use for gold. It was equal to six Attic drachmae, or about oz. and 71 grs. It was called the gold talent, or the Sicilian talent, from its being much used by the Greeks of Italy and Sicily. This is the talent always meant when the word occurs in Homer. This small talent explains Game of Tuli. When the sides of the bone were marked with different values, the game became one of chance. [ALEA; TESSERA.] The two ends were left blank, because the bone could not rest upon either of them on account of its curvature. The four remaining sides were marked with the numbers 1, 3, 4, 6; 1 and 6 being on two opposite sides, and 3 and 4 on the other two opposite sides. The Greek and Latin names of the numbers were as follow :--1. Μονάς, εἷς, κύων, Χίος; Ion. Οΐνη: Unio, Vulturius, canis: 3. Tpías, Ternio; 4. Τετράς, Quaternio ; 6. Εξάς, ἑξίτης, Κῷος; Senio. Two persons played together at this game, using four bones, which they threw up into the air, or emptied out of a dice-box, and observing the numbers on the uppermost sides. The numbers on the four sides of the four bones admitted of thirty-five different combinations. The lowest throw of all was four aces (voltorios quatuor). But the value of a throw was not in all cases the sum of the four numbers turned up. The highest in value was that called Venus, or jactus Venereus, in which the numbers cast up were all different, the sum of them being only fourteen. It was by obtaining this throw that the king of the feast was appointed among the Romans [SYMPOSIUM], and hence it was also called Basilicus. Certain other throws were called by particular names, taken from gods, illustrious men and women, and heroes. Thus the throw, consisting of two aces and two trays, making eight, which number, like the jactus Venereus, could be obtained only once, was denominated Stesichorus. TA'MIAE (Tauía), the treasurers of the temples and the revenue at Athens. The wealthiest of all the temples at Athens was that of Minerva in the Acropolis, the treasures of which were under the guardianship of ten tamiae, who were chosen annually by lot from the class of pentacosiomedimní, and afterwards, when the distinction of classes had ceased to exist, from among the wealthiest of Athenian citizens. The treasurers of the other gods were chosen in like manner; but they, about the 90th Olympiad, were all united into one board, while those of Minerva remained distinct. Their treasury, however, was transferred to the same place as that of Minerva, viz., to the opisthodomus of the Parthenon, where were kept not only all the treasures belonging to the temples, but also the state treasure (öoiα xρnμαтa, as contra-distinguished from iɛpú), under the care of the treasurers of Minerva. All the funds of the state were considered as being in a manner consecrated to Minerva, while on the other hand the people reserved to themselves the right of making use of the sacred moneys, as well as the other property of the temples, if the safety of the state should require it. Payments made to the temples were received by the treasurers in the presence of some members of the senate, just as public moneys were by the Apodectae: and then the treasurers became responsible for their safe custody. The treasurer of the revenue (Tauíaç or ἐπιμελητὴς τῆς κοινῆς προςόδου), was a more important personage than those last mention ed. He was not a mere keeper of moneys, like them, nor a mere receiver, like the apodectae; but a general paymaster, who received through the apodectae all money which was to be disbursed for the purposes of the administration except the property-taxes, which were paid into the war-office, and the tribute from the allies, which was paid to the hellenotamiae [HELLENOTAMIAE], and then distributed it in such manner as he was required to do by the law: the surplus (if any) he paid into the war-office or the theoric fund. As this person knew all the channels in which the public money had to flow, and exercised a general superintendence over the expenditure, he was competent to give advice to the people upon financial measures, with a view to improve the revenue, introduce economy, and prevent abuses: he is sometimes called ταμίας τῆς διοικήσεως, οἱ ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς διοικήσews, and may be regarded as a sort of minister of finance. He was elected by vote (xεpoTovía), and held his office for four years, but was capable of being reelected. A law, however, was passed during the administration of Lycurgus, the orator, prohibiting reelection; so that Lycurgus, who is reported to have continued in office for twelve years, must have held it for the last eight years under fictitious names. The power of this officer was by no means free from control; inasmuch as any individual was at liberty to propose financial measures, or institute criminal proceedings for malversation or waste of the public funds: and there was an úvriyρаoɛùs tñs dioiknoεws appointed to check the accounts of his superior. Anciently there were persons called Poristae (Tорioтαι), who appear to have assisted the tamiae in some part of their duties. The money disbursed by the treasurer of the revenue was sometimes paid directly to the various persons in the employ of the gov ernment, sometimes through subordinate pay offices. Many public functionaries had their own paymasters, who were dependent on the treasurer of the revenue, receiving their funds from him, and then distributing them in their respective departments. Such were the ri ηροποιοί, τειχοποιοί, οδοποιοί, ταφροποιοί, πɛμɛλntai vɛwpíwv, who received through their own tamiae such sums as they required from time to time for the prosecution of their works. The payment of the judicial fees was made by the Colacretae (kwλaкρÉTαi), which, and the providing for the meals in the Prytaneum, were the only duties that remained to them after the establishment of the apodectae by Clesthenes. The tamiae of the sacred vessels (тñç Пapúλov and TЯS Zaλapiviac) acted not only as treasurers, but as trierarchs, the expenses (amounting for the two ships together to about sixteen talents) being provided by the state. They were elected by vote. Other trierarchs had their own private tamiae. |