ANCILE.

to determine, generally, if the action would lie. The magistrates were said avaкpivelv τὴν δίκην οι τοὺς ἀντιδίκους, and the parties avaкpívεolai. The process consisted in the production of proofs, of which there were five kinds-1. the laws; 2. written documents; 3. testimonies of witnesses present (uapropiai). or affidavits of absent witnesses (ekuaρTupiai); 4. depositions of slaves extorted by the rack; 5. the oath of the parties. All these proofs were committed to writing, and placed in a box secured by a seal (exivos) till they were produced at the trial.

If the evidence produced at the anacrisis was so clear and convincing that there could not remain any doubt, the magistrate could decide the question without sending the cause to be tried before the dicasts: this was called diamartyria (Siauapropia). The archons were the proper officers for holding the anacrisis; they are represented by Athena (Minerva), in the Eumenides of Aeschylus, where there is a poetical sketch of the process in the law courts.

For an account of the anacrisis or examination, which each archon underwent previously to entering on office, see ARCHON.

ANAGÑOSTES, slaves, whose duty it was to read or repeat passages from books during an entertainment, and also at other times.

ANATOCISMUS. [FENUS.]
ANCHOR. [ANCORA.]

ANCILE, the sacred shield carried by the Salii, and made of bronze.

The original ancile was found, according to tradition, in the palace of Numa; and, as no

the Roman state would endure so long as this shield remained in Rome. To secure its preservation in the city, Numa ordered eleven other shields, exactly like it, to be made by the armourer, Mamurius Veturius, and twelve priests of Mars Gradivus were appointed under the denomination of Salii, whose office it was to preserve the twelve ancilia. They were kept in the temple of that divinity, on the Palatine mount, and were taken from it only once a year, on the calends of March. The feast of the god was then observed during several days; when the Salii carried their shields about the city, singing songs in praise of Mars, Numa, and Mamurius Veturius, and at the same time performing a dance, which probably in some degree resembled our morris dances, and in which they struck the shields with rods, so as to keep time with their voices, and with the movements of their dance. The preceding cut shows one of these rods, as represented on the tomb of a pontifex salius, or chief of the Salii.

ANCORA (uykuрa), an anchor.

The anchor used by the ancients was for the most part made of iron, and its form resembled that of the modern anchor. The shape of the two extremities illustrates the unco morsu and dente tenaci of Virgil. Indeed, the Greek and

Latin names themselves express the essential property of the anchor being allied to ἀγκύλος, aykov, angulus, uncus, &c.

The anchor as here represented and as commonly used, was called bidens, dinλñ, άuoíβολος οἱ ἀμφίστομος, because it had two teeth or flukes. Sometimes it had one only, and then it had the epithet érεpóσrouoc. The following expressions were used for the three principal processes in managing the anchor :Ancoram solvere, ἄγκυραν χαλᾶν, to loose the anchor. Ancoram jacere, Bá22eiv, pirтeiv, to cast anchor. Ancoram tollere, αἴρειν, ἀναιρεῖ σθαι, ἀνάσπασθαι, to weigh anchor. Hence aipei by itself meant to set sail, aykvpav being understood.

The anchor usually lay on the deck, and was

24

ANNULUS.

ANQUISITIO.

ANDABATA. [GLADIATOR.]

ANDROLEPSIA or ANDROLEPSION (ἀνδροληψία or ἀνδρολήψιον), the right of reprisals, a custom recognized by the international law of the Greeks, that, when a citizen of one state had killed a citizen of another, and the countrymen of the former would not surrender him to the relatives of the deceased, it should be lawful to seize upon three, and not more, of the countrymen of the offender, and keep them as hostages till satisfaction was afforded, or the homicide given up.

ANGUSTICLA VII. [CLAVUS.] ANNO'NA (from annus, like pomona from pomum). 1. The produce of the year in corn, fruit, wine, &c., and hence, 2. Provisions in general, especially the corn, which, in the later years of the republic, was collected in the storehouses of the state, and sold to the poor at a cheap rate in times of scarcity; and which, under the emperors, was distributed to the people gratuitously, or given as pay and rewards. 3. The price of provisions. 4. A soldier's allowance of provisions for a certain time. It is used also in the plural for yearly or monthly distributions of pay in corn, &c. A'NNULUS (dakтúλoç), a ring.

It is probable that the custom of wearing rings was introduced into Greece from Asia, where it appears to have been almost universal. They were worn not merely as ornaments, but as articles for use, as the ring always served as a seal. A seal was called sphragis (oopayiç), and hence this name was given to the ring itself, and also to the gem or stone for a ring in which figures were en

At Rome, the custom of wearing rings was believed to have been introduced by the Sabines, whowere described in the early legends as wearing golden rings with precious stones of great beauty. But whenever introduced at Rome, it is certain that they were at first always of iron; that they were destined for the same purpose as in Greece, namely, to be used as seals; and that every free Roman had a right to use such a ring. This iron ring was worn down to the last period of the republic by such men as loved the simplicity of the good old times. In the course of time, however, it became customary for all the senators, chief magistrates, and at last for the equites also, to wear a golden seal-ring. The right of wearing a gold ring, which was subsequently called the jus annuli aurei, or the jus annulorum, remained for several centuries at Rome the exclusive privilege of senators, magistrates, and equites, while all other persons continued to wear iron ones.

During the empire the right of granting the annulus aureus belonged to the emperors, and some of them were not very scrupulous in conferring this privilege. The emperors Severus and Aurelian conferred the right of wearing golden rings upon all Roman soldiers; and Justinian at length allowed all the citizens of the empire, whether ingenui or libertini, to wear such rings.

During the republic, and the early times of the empire, the jus annuli seems to have made a person ingenuus (if he was a libertus), and to have raised him to the rank of eques, provided he had the requisite equestrian census, and it was probably never granted to any one who did not possess this census. Those who lost their property, or were found guilty of a criminal offence, lost the jus annuli.

The signs engraved upon rings were very various: they were portraits of ancestors or of friends, subjects connected with mythology; and in many cases a person had engraved upon his seal symbolical allusion to the real or mythical history of his family. The part of the ring which contained the gem was called pala.

With the increasing love of luxury and show, the Romans, as well as the Greeks, covered their fingers with rings. Some persons also wore rings of immoderate size, and others used different rings for summer and winter.

ANNUS. [CALENDARIUM.]

ANQUISITIO, signified, in criminal trials at Rome, the investigation of the facts of the case with reference to the penalty that was

26

ANTENNA.

ANTLIA.

the velata antenna, but with the sail reefed in the one, and in the other expanded and swollen with the wind.

ANTEPILA NI. [EXERCITUS.] ANTESIGNA'NI appear to have been a body of troops, selected for the defence of the standard (signum), before which they were stationed. They were not light troops, as some have supposed, and they were probably selected for this duty on occount of their bravery and experience in war.

ANTI DOSIS (avridooiç), in its literal and general meaning," an exchange," was, in the language of the Attic courts, peculiarly applied to proceedings under a law which is said to have originated with Solon. By this, a citizen nominated to perform a leiturgia, such as a trierarchy or choregia, or to rank among the property-tax payers, in a class disproportioned to his means, was empowered to call upon any qualified person not so charged to take the office in his stead, or submit to a complete exchange of property, the charge in question of course attaching to the first party, if the exchange were finally effected. For the proceedings the courts were opened at a stated time every year by the magistrates that had official cognizance of the particular subject; such as the strategi in cases of trierarchy and rating to the property-taxes, and the archon in those of choregia.

ANTIGRAPHE (avriyρaon), originally signified the writing put in by the defendant, his "plea" in all causes whether public or private, in answer to the indictment or bill of the prosecutor. It is, however, also applied to the bill or indictment of the plaintiff or

A'NTLIA (avrλca), any machine for raising water, a pump.

The most important of these machines were:-1. The tympanum; a tread-wheel, wrought by men treading on it. 2. A wheel having wooden boxes or buckets, so arranged as to form steps for those who trod the wheel. 3. The chain pump. 4. The cochlea, or Archimedes's screw. 5. The ctesibica machina,

APATURIA.

or forcing pump. Criminals were condemned to the antlia or tread-mill.

ANTYX (TU), the rim or border of any thing, especially of a shield or chariot. The rim of the large round shield of the ancient Greeks, was thinner than the part which it enclosed: but on the other hand, the antyx of a chariot must have been thicker than the body to which it gave both form and strength.

In front of the chariot the antyx was often raised above the body, into the form of a curvature, which served the purpose of a hook to hang the reins upon.

APAGO GE (anаywyn), a summary process, allowed in certain cases by the Athenian law. The term denotes not merely the act of apprehending a culprit caught in ipso facto, but also the written information delivered to the magistrate, urging his apprehension. The cases in which the apagoge was most generally allowed were those of theft, murder, ill-usage of parents, &c.

APATU'RIA (&rатоúρia) was a political festival, which the Athenians had in common with all the Greeks of the Ionian name, with the exception of those of Colophon and Ephesus. It was celebrated in the month of Pyanepsion, and lasted for three days. The name ἀπατούρια is not derived from ἀπατᾶν, to deceive, but is composed of -aua, and πατύρια, which is perfectly consistent with what Xenophon says of the festival, that when it is celebrated the fathers and relations assemble together. According to this derivation, it is the festival at which the phratriae met to discuss and settle their own affairs. But, as every citizen was a member of a phratria, the festival extended over the whole nation, who assembled according to phratriae.

The festival lasted three days. The third

day was the most important; for on that day, children born in that year, in the families of the phratriae, or such as were not yet registered, were taken by their fathers, or in their absence by their representatives (kúptot), before the assembled members of the phratria. For every child a sheep or a goat was sacrificed. The father, or he who supplied his place, was obliged to establish by oath that the child was the offspring of free-born parents, and citizens of Athens. After the victim was sacrificed, the phratores gave their votes, which they took from the altar of Jupiter Phratrius. When the majority voted against the reception, the cause might be tried before one of the courts of Athens; and if the claims of the child were found unobjectionable, its name, as well as that of the father, was entered into the register of the phratria, and those who had wished to effect the exclusion of the child were liable to be punished.

APERTA NAVIS. [APHRACTUS.]

APEX, a cap worn by the flamines and salii at Rome. The essential part of the apex, to which alone the name properly belonged, was a pointed piece of olive-wood, the base of which was surrounded with a lock of wool. This was worn on the top of the head, and was held there either by fillets only, or, as was more commonly the case, by the aid of a cap which fitted the head, and was also fastened by means of two strings or bands.

APHRACTUS (opактоç vаuç), called also navis aperta, a ship which had no deck, but was merely covered with planks in the front and hinder part, as is represented in