route of the Russian corvette, the Vostok, in December, 1820, and here they saw the first iceberg. Continuing to the southward, over the very spot where compact ice had forced the Russian navi

gator to alter his course to the eastward, the vessels, on the 28th, reached their extreme eastern longitude, namely, 178 deg. 13 min. E.; and on the following evening, in the parallel of 66 deg. 40 min, the variation observed by azimuth was 28 deg. E. At this time field-ice bounded their southern horizon, and numerous large icebergs were in sight. At sunset, on the 30th, in lat. 67 deg., and long. 170 deg., the variation observed by amplitude was found to be 33 deg. 25 min. E. They were now surrounded by icebergs, and small drift-ice; the wind during the last week had been constantly from the westward, varying from N.W. to S.W.

At noon, on the 1st February, the sun broke out, and the weather cleared lat., by observation, 68 deg. 45 min. At this time no ice was in sight from the masthead; and they stood to the southward, with a fresh breeze, till three o'clock, P.M., when they found themselves near the edge of a large body of packed ice, and were obliged to tack to the northward to avoid it. This, then, was their extreme south point, as they had now reached the parallel of 69 deg. in long., 172 deg. 11 min. E., full 220 miles to the southward of the point which Bellingshausen had been able to attain about this meridian; thus adding one proof more, that ice in these regions, even in the immediate neighbourhood of land, is very far from stationary.

On February 2, they were still

Borradaile Island.
THE BALLENY ISLANDS. Discovered 9th February, 1839.
Buckle Island.

embayed in field-ice: on the 5th, the water was much discoloured, and many feathers were seen floating; and several whales, sea-leopards, and penguins were descried. They gradually worked to the N.W., to clear the ice, against a strong westerly wind, which, contrary to the received opinion, was found to prevail in these high latitudes.

They sailed onward till Feb. 9, when, at 8h. clear, steering west by compass, Capt. Balleny got sights for his chronometers, which gave the ship, by the Port Chalky rate, in long. 164 deg. 29 min. E. At 11, A.M., a darkish appearance was noticed to the S.W.; lat. 66 deg. 37 min. S. by mer. alt.: wind, north. At noon, the sun shone brightly; and the appearance of land was seen to the S.W., extending from west to about south-ran for it: at 4h. it was distinctly made out to be land. At 8 h., P.M. (having run S.W. 22 m.), they got within five miles of it, when was seen another piece of land of great height, bearing W. by S. At sunset, three separate islands, of good size, were made out, the western one being longest. On Feb. 10, after running through much drift ice, within half a mile, the middle island was found completely ice-bound, with high perpendicular cliffs: from this island to the eastern one, S.W., the sea was in one firm and solid mass, without a passage. On Feb. 11th, the land was seen bearing about W.S.W. to be of a tremendous height; Capt. Balleny supposes about 12,000 feet, and covered with snow: at noon, lat. 66 deg. 30 min. ; wind, N. W.; temp. 42 deg.

Next day, they got abreast of the eastern island: lat. by acc. 66 deg. 22 min.; long. 163 deg. 49 min. E. The cutter's boat went ashore, though there was no landing or beach; but for the bare rocks whence the icebergs had broken, it would not have been known for land at first; still, as they stood in for it, smoke was plainly seen rising from its peaks. Its stone, or rather cinders, also prove this island to be volcanic. They returned on board, and got the vessels safely through the drift-ice before dark, and ran along the land.

On the 13th, were seen numerous whales, penguins, a few Cape pigeons, and a small white bird; but no albatrosses nor mollymawks. P.M., came on a thick fog; but many whales and seals were seen, with icebergs and drift-ice. At midnight, light variable winds, and cloudy dark weather.

This was the last time that the land, now appropriately named the Balleny Isles, was seen. The group consists of five islands, three large and two small; the highest of which, named Young Island, is estimated at 12,000 feet above the sea. It rises in a beautiful peak, which may be called Peak Freeman, as being on the island whereon the commander of the cutter, Sabrina, landed.*

When at the distance of from eight to ten miles from the centre island, with the extremes of the land hearing from W. round southerly to E. by S., the accompanying sketch was made by Mr. John M'Nab, second mate of the schooner; the outline of the islands is evidently

* These islands and peaks are named respectively after Messrs. G. F. Young, W. Borradaile, J. W. Buckle, T. Sturge, W. Brown, J. Row, and W. Beale, the spirited merchants who united with Mr. Enderby in sending out this Expedition.

volcanic, and the smoke which arose from the second island to the E., or Buckle Island, and the stones brought away from Young Island, by Mr. Freeman, which prove to be scoriæ and basalt, with crystals of olivine, leave no doubt on the subject. These, then, are, with the exception of that discovered by Bellingshausen, in 69 deg. S., the most southerly volcanoes known. The easternmost, or Sturge Island, rises also to a peak, named Brown's Peak, but it is not half the height the former. Immediately off the eastern end of the centre, or Borradaile Island, is a remarkable pinnacle of rock, called Beale Pinnacle, which is described as rising like a tall lighthouse from the waters. The westernmost, or Row Island, is low, and offers no remarkable feature.

Obituary

OF PERSONS EMINENT IN SCIENCE OR ART,
1839.

COUNT MONTLOSIER, one of the most striking writers in that great controversy respecting the origin of Basaltic Rock, which occupied the attention of mineralogists during the latter half of the last century; and to which, in so large a degree, the progress and present state of Geology are to be ascribed.

ANSELME GAETANS DESMAREST, Professor of Zoology at the Royal Veterinary College of Alfort; author of several works on Fossil Zoology and Botany.

Professor RIGAUD, F.R.S., to whom was confided the care of the Radcliffe Observatory. He was the author of many valuable communications to the Transactions of the Royal Astronomical Society, and to other scientific journals, on subjects connected with physical and astronomical science. There was, probably, no other person of his age who was equally learned on all subjects connected with the history and literature of astronomy. - Anniv. Address, Royal Soc.

Mr. W. WILKINS, F.R.S., Professor of Architecture to the Royal Academy.

Mr. GEORGE SAUNDERS, F.R.S., architect; and a diligent and learned antiquary.

The BARON DE PRONY, one of the most distinguished engineers of France; and one of the most voluminous writers of his age, generally upon mathematical and other subjects connected with his professional pursuits.

The venerable PIERRE PREVOST, formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Geneva. The range of his philosophical researches was unusually extensive and various; and his discoveries on Heat constitute a most important epoch in a branch of science which has recently received so extraordinary a development in the

.-

hands of Fourier, Forbes, Melloni, and other philosophers. - Anniv Address, Royal Soc.

Mr. BENJAMIN BEVAN, F.G.S., civil engineer.

Mr. W. SALMOND, F.G.S., of York; one of the persons who was most actively engaged in the examination of the celebrated Kirkdale Cavern.

BARON VON JACQUIN, whose house at Vienna was, for a long series of years, the rendezvous of all the most eminent characters in literature and science.

His Grace the DUKE of BEDFORD, F.S.A., F.L.S., and a skilful botanist; the author of Pinetum Woburnense, &c.

JOHN LANDER, the brother of Richard Lander, and the attendant of Clapperton, in his African Expedition.

WILLIAM HILTON, R.A., historical painter.

ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, the colonial botanist; than whom few men of his time have done more for botany and geography.

Prof. NIBI, the distinguished antiquary, at Rome.

Dr. BLUMENBACH, Professor of Natural History in the University of Göttingen. The most popular of his numerous works is his Munual of the Elements of Natural History, a translation from the tenth German edition of which was published in London in 1825.

Mr. CHARLES TENNANT, of Glasgow; the eminent practical chemist, and patentee of chloride of lime for bleaching. Mr. HUNNEMAN, the botanical bookseller.

SAMUEL BROOKES, Esq., F.L.S., author of an Introduction to the Study of Conchology.

JOHN HALL, M.D., author of a British Flora, and Elements of Botany.

WILLIAM YOUNGE, M.D., the companion of Sir J. E. Smith in his tour on the continent in 1786 and 1787.

Dr. ARTHUR KOCHEN, archaiologist.
LANDRIANI, architect and painter, Milan.
JAMES LONSDALE, portrait-painter.
Sir W. BEECHEY, R.A., portrait-painter.
JOSEPH VALADIER, architect, Rome.
JOHN VENDRAMINI, engraver.
CHARLES ROSsı, R.A., sculptor.
OTTO SIGISM. RUNGE, (St. Petersburgh), sculptor.

JOHN BROMLEY, engraver.

DR. B. F. FRIES, Swedish naturalist.
DAN. OHLMULLER, architect.

SAM. HOLBERG, (Russia,) sculptor.

DAVIES GILBERT, D.C.L., President of the Royal Society, from the resignation of the office, by Sir Humphry Davy, in 1827, to the election of the Duke of Sussex to the chair, in 1830. Mr. Gilbert was likewise a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; and a member of the Royal Irish Academy.

MICHAEL JEROME LALANDE, a distinguished astronomer, author of several articles in the Connaisance des Tems, and nephew of the illustrious astronomer of the same name, who died in 1807.

GENERAL INDEX.