Memoirs of the Geological Survey, England and Wales. The Geology of the Country around Aldborough. Orford. . . . &c. (Coast, pp. 47-49, chiefly from J. B. Redman.) 8vo. Lond.

1887.

...

Alcock, Dr. T. Natural History of the Coast of Lancashire. (Notices the shore and waste of coast at Blackpool, Southport, &c., pp. 4, 5, 8–10, 16, 21.) 8vo. Manchester. Pp. 31.

Black, W. G. Brighton Beaches after Storms of October 15 and December 8, 1886. Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. vol. v. pt. 3, p. 399.

Dickson, E. Notes on the Excavations for the Preston Docks. Proc Liverpool Geol. Soc. vol. v. pt. iii. pp. 249-256.

George, I. E. Notes on some weathered Rocks at Hilbre. Trans. Liverpool Geol. Assoc. vol. vii. pp. 92–94.

Hunt, A. R. The Action of Waves on Sea Beaches and Sea Bottoms. [Lecture to Torquay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1883.] Torquay Directory, November. Jukes-Browne, A. J. Memoirs of the Geological Survey. England and Wales. The Geology of East Lincolnshire. . . . (Submerged Forest, Blown Sand, pp. 109-112.) 8vo. Lond.

Miles, C. E. The Mersey Estuary. Trans. Liverpool Geol. Assoc. vol. vii. pp. 85-89.

Norman, M. W. A Popular Guide to the Geology of the Isle of Wight. . . . 8vo. Ventnor. The Red Beach, pp. 173-176. Landslips and loss of land, pp. 181-194.

Penney, W. Denudation of the Coast at Handfast Point, called in Captain Sherringham's Chart of Poole Harbour, Standfast Point. (Dorset Field Club.) Poole and Bournemouth Herald, September 15.

Potter, C. On the Sand-dunes of the Cheshire Coast.

rool Geol. Assoc. vol. vii. pp. 28–33.

Trans. Liver

Whitaker, W. Memoirs of the Geological Survey. England and Wales. The Geology of Southwold, and of the Suffolk Coast from Dunwich to Covehithe. (Coast Deposits, Waste of the Coast, pp. 45–51.) 8vo. Lond.

1888.

Curtis, R. H. The Cornish Blown Sands. Nature, vol. xxxviii. no. 968, p. 55.

Dickson, E. Geological Notes on the Preston Dock Works and Ribble Development Scheme. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. vol. v. pt. iv. pp. 369376, 2 plates.

Hunt, A. R. The Raised Beach on the Thatcher Rock: its Shells and their Teaching. Trans. Devon. Assoc. vol. xx. pp. 225-253.

Morton, G. H. [President's Address.] Local Historical, Post-Glacial and Pre-Glacial Geology. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. vol. v. pt. iv. p. 303. [See pp. 307, 315-324.]

Stanlow, Ince, and Frodsham Marshes. Ibid. pp. 349-351. Potter, C. Antiquities of the Meols Shore. Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancash. Chesh., vol. xl. p. 143.

1889.

Gill, Francis. Dungeness. The Protection of the Roadstead essential to the Navigation of the British Channel and the Defence of the South Coast. 8vo. pp. 27.

Groves, T. B. The Erosion of the Coast near Weymouth by the Action of the Sea. Proc. Dorset Field Club, vol. x. pp. 180-186. Morton, G. H. Further Notes on the Stanlow, Ince, and Frodsham Marshes. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. vol. vi. pt. i. pp. 50-55. Picton, Sir J. A. Notes on the Local Historical Changes in the Surface of the Land in and about Liverpool. Ibid. pp. 31-42.

Potter, C. On some Facts in connection with the Geology of the Mersey Basin. Journ. Liverpool Geol. Assoc. vol. viii. pp. 37-39.

Rye, Walter. Cromer, Past and Present, with an Appendix on the Geology, by C. Reid. 4to. Norwich and Lond.

Shore, T. W. Beds exposed in the Southampton New Dock Extension. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1888, pp. 672, 673.

Shore, T. W., and J. W. Elwes. The New Dock Excavation at Southampton. Hants Field Club. Papers, no. iii. pp. 43-56, pl. i.

Whitaker, W. Memoirs of the Geological Survey. England and Wales. The Geology of London and of Part of the Thames Valley. Vol. i. Coast-waste, pp. 476, 498. Shore-deposits, p. 478. 8vo. Lond.

1890.

Cole, E. M. Coast Erosion in Yorkshire. Research, vol. ii. p. 225. Gattie, G. B. Memorials of the Goodwin Sands. . . (Chaps. i. ii.)

Svo. Lond.

...

Grantham, R. F. The Encroachment of the Sea on some Parts of the English Coast, and the best Means of arresting it. (Sussex.) Trans. Inst. Surveyors, vol. xxii. pt. xii. pp. 337-366. Plate.

Tizard, T. H. The Thames Estuary. Nature, vol. xli. pp. 539-544.

1891.

Anon. The Contest for the Coast. Chambers' Journal, vol. viii. pp. 241-243.

Aytoun, R. Securing the North Cliff, Scarborough. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol. cv. pp. 295-297, pl. 8 (sections).

Browne, R. G. M. As to certain Alterations in the Surface-level of the Sea off the South Coast of England. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1891, pp. 824, 825.

Eliot, Whately. The North Sea-Wall and Royal Albert Drive, Scarborough. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol. cv. p. 289, pl. 8 (sections). (See pp. 289, 293.)

1892.

Cole, E. M. The erosion of the Yorkshire Coast. Naturalist, pp. 103-107.

Holmes, T. V. Notes on the Site of Hastings. Science Gossip, no. 326, pp. 32-35.

Stock, T. Somersetshire Sand-Tots: Their Geological History. Ibid. no. 328, pp. 75-77.

1893.

Blake, Rev. J. F. The Landslip at Sandgate. Nature, vol. xlvii. pp. 467-469.

The Sandgate Landslip. The Surveyor, vol. iii. pp. 199-201. Cole, E. M. Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast. Naturalist, pp. 142–144.

Hutchinson, P. 0.

vol. xxv. pp. 174, 175.

Landslip at Sidmouth. Trans. Devon. Assoc.

Martin, E. A. Some Notes on the Sandgate Landslip. The Field Club, vol. iv. pp. 83-85.

Martin, J. M. Some Further Notes on Exmouth Warren. Trans. Devon. Assoc. vol. xxv. pp. 406-415.

Shone, W. The Submerged Forest at Rhyl. Chester Chronicle, Feb. 18.

Topley, W. The Landslip at Sandgate. Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. xiii. pt. 2, pp. 40-47.

The Sandgate Landslip. Geogr. Journ. vol. i. pp. 339-341.

1894.

Bird, C. On so-called Changes of Level [chiefly Kent]. Rochester Naturalist (Oct., 7 pages).

Dickson, E. The Ribble Estuary.

vol. vii. pt. 2, pp. 135-154.

Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc.

Mc. Dakin, Capt. S. G. Coast Erosion. S. E. Naturalist, vol. i. pt. iv. p. 107.

Coast Erosion, and Landslips in the Neighbourhood of Dover. Ibid. pp. 132-136.

1895.

Hill, Rev. E. The Tower of Eccles-by-the-Sea. Geol. Mag. dec. iv. vol. ii. pp. 229, 230 (also various notices in local newspapers).

Hunt, A. R. A Note on the Torbay Raised Beaches. Ibid. pp. 405-408.

Structure of a Coral Reef-Interim Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor T. G. BONNEY (Chairman), Professor W. J. SOLLAS (Secretary), Sir ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, Professors A. H. GREEN, J. W. JUDD, C. LAPWORTH, A. C. HADDON, BOYD DAWKINS, G. H. DARWIN, S. J. HICKSON, and A. STEWART, Admiral W. J. L. WHARTON, Drs. H. HICKS, J. MURRAY, W. T. BLANFORD, LE NEVE FOSTER, and H. B. GUPPY, Messrs. F. DARWIN, H. O. FORBES, G. C. BOURNE, A. R. BINNIE, J. W. GREGORY, and J. C. HAWKSHAW, and Hon. P. FAWCETT, appointed to consider a project for investigating the Structure of a Coral Reef by Boring and Sounding.

THE Committee made an application to the Royal Society for an allocation of £500 from the fund granted by the Government in aid of Scientific Research. The Royal Society, as a preliminary to the discussion of the application, have written to the Admiralty to inquire whether the Government would be able to assist an expedition by putting a surveying vessel at its disposal. A reply from the Admiralty has not yet been received. The Committee ask to be reappointed with a renewal of the grant of £10, which had not been drawn.

page 394

The Circulation of Underground Waters.-Twenty-first Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. E. HULL (Chairman), Sir DOUGLAS GALTON, Messrs. J. GLAISHER, PERCY KENDALL, Professor G. A. LEBOUR, Messrs. E. B. MARTEN, G. H. MORTON, Professor PRESTWICH, Messrs. I. ROBERTS, THOS. S. STOOKES, G. J. SYMONS, C. TYLDEN-WRIGHT, C. WETHERED, W. WHITAKER, and C. E. DE RANCE (Secretary). (Drawn up by C. E. DE RANCE.) APPENDIX. Second List of Works. By W. WHITAKER YOUR reporter has not received any reports from the Corresponding Societies since last year's meeting, but he has good reason to believe that valuable results have been collected, and locally published. These will be doubtless of great local value, and it is a source of satisfaction to see that the work originated by the Committee is likely to be permanently carried on by the local societies on the lines initiated by the British Association. Your reporter, however, would again point out that the collection of sections and details of water supply, by some central body, would be of great value to engineers, contractors, and others, who have neither time nor opportunity to seek the records of the various provincial proceedings, and it appears desirable that it be a suggestion to the Corresponding Societies that they annually send up the details they have obtained to the offices of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, 28 Jermyn Street, London, where a section-book is now kept, and every facility daily given to those seeking information.

Your reporter has not received any information from any member of the Committee during the past year, and therefore thinks it unadvisable to do more than present this formal report, without appendices of information personally collected by himself, as has been done on several previous occasions,

This being the final Report, it may be, in conclusion, advisable to state that the Committee have had the same chairman and secretary during the whole of their twenty-two years' labours, and they have arrived at the following general results, some of which are self-evident, but it is necessary to state, through simple conditions, not always universally understood.

1. The source of all water supply, whether in streams, wells, or natural springs, is the rainfall falling on the area, or that adjacent to it.

2. The quantity of water to be obtained under all three heads is that. annually falling, less the quantity evaporated, and less natural loss through. retention after natural filtration.

3. The quantity of underground water to be obtained in sandstones and grits is governed by the cubic content of the interspaces between the grains; the larger the spaces, the greater facility for the storage and passage of water, coarse grits amounting to 12 inches of the annual rainfall.

4. In calcareous rocks, as Carboniferous and Magnesian Limestones, oolitic calcareous rocks, and Chalk, the grains are exceedingly small, the spaces almost microscopic, and the passage of water through the rock exceedingly slow, but waters so passed are naturally and effectually filtered. But in rocks of this class open spaces, following lines of joint, faults, and other planes of weakness, constitute fissures and caverns, through which water flows freely in defined channels, as on the surface,

and, like it, is not subject to natural filtration, and, unlike it, has not the advantage of the purifying effect of sunlight on its passage.

5. When porous rocks of different characters are separated by thin beds of impermeable material, it is often possible to obtain several classes of water from one well, suitable or unsuitable, as the case may be, for the brewing of ale or stout, the dilution of spirits, or the exigencies of the wool or the indigo dyeing trades.

6. Where wells are pumped at the same daily rate without abstracting what the late Mr. Hawksley called 'water of cistonage,' the hardness is reduced after a year's pumping, and this remains stationary over proved periods of forty years. If the pumps are lowered, and the apex of the 'inverted cone' be placed still deeper beneath the mean sea-level, the width of the base of the cone is extended, and a new concentric circle of supply is added to the contribution ground; the water then hardens for a time, but after the soluble salts have been pumped out the degree of hardness remains constant as before.

7. Faults in porous rocks of whatever thickness, which were originally overlaid by porous rocks, no matter how great their throw may be, are no obstacles to the passage of underground water.

8. Where the same are, or have been before subsequent denudation, overlaid by impermeable material, the fissure of the fault is filled with impermeable material, and it forms a natural puddle trench separating the district into distinct watertight zones.

9. Where faults of the latter class exist, and the area on one side of the fault joins the sea, and a quantity of water is annually abstracted, exceeding the quantity absorbed by rainfall, the excess is derived from the sea, a reversal of the underground current taking place; and as this goes on the rock becomes surcharged with salts, and can no longer act as a filtering medium, and the water pumped daily approximates more and more to the sea water from which it is derived.

10. Engineers and architects, in many cases, do not realise the danger of placing public pumping stations where the area of supply includes sewage farms and objectionable trade refuse. It is exceedingly desirable that the officials of the Local Government Board should have their attention strongly drawn to this important matter.

11. This report is adopted by the Committee: they approve of the suggestion of the reporter, that the digest of the previous reports he has prepared be offered to the Geological Survey of England and Wales for publication, and they recommend that, should this offer be declined by the Survey, the digest be dealt with by its author as he may find expedient, and they recommend that in either case all blocks and plates used in the previous reports be placed at the recorder's disposal for the purpose of reprint.

APPENDIX.

SECOND CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WORKS REFERRING TO UNDERGROUND WATER, ENGLAND AND WALES.

By W. WHITAKER, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Assoc. Inst.C.E.

Since the publication of the list in the Thirteenth Report of the Committee, which ended with the year 1887, 37 additional titles for the years 1819 to 1887 have come to hand, of which 2 are different versions of