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from Robin Hood's Bay to Whitby the average will be 120 feet to 200 feet; in the bay west of Whitby 200 feet at neap. 300 feet at spring.

8.-In the bay west of Whitby it is sand nearly the whole year through, but occasionally beds of shingle and gravel are visible; at Robin Hood's Bay it is sand and shingle mixed. After heavy seas most gravel will appear, but in the summer it is mostly sand; but this applies only from the bottom of the cliff for about 40 yards seawards; beyond this it is beds of flat rocks strewn in places with large boulders. The Scarborough North Bay is of the same character as Robin Hood's Bay, the South Bay is all sand, with a rim of shingle and boulders at the cliff foot 20 yards wide; at the south end of the bay Gristhorpe and Cayton Bays are mostly shingle for about 30 yards from the cliff foot, and flat rocks and boulder beds beyond. Filey Bay is all sand, stretching for about 3 miles; Bridlington Bay is all sand, excepting about 3 miles of the north side forming the Flamborough Head projection, which is flat rocks and boulders. Excluding these bays, all the remaining and by far the greater portion of this coast consists of beds of large boulders (ranging from a few hundredweights to several hundreds of tons) and beds of flat rock mostly strewn with boulders, but bare in those parts where from their position the seas break over them with violence.

9. As already stated, there is scarcely any shingle worth calling so on this coast; where there is, its greatest breadth would not exceed 40 yards, while the mean would be between 20 and 30, and this would be in all cases at the cliff foot. The high-water mark of an ordinary spring tide would about equally divide it, i.e., half would be covered and half dry. In all cases it would travel south, barring the influence which the eddy and a south-east wind may have in moving it a little north; but this rarely occurs, and is so trifling in its effect as not to be worth mentioning. It is sufficient to say that no wind that blows can take anything north betwixt the Tyne and Flamborough Head. This is proved by the fact that portions of vessels wrecked about the Tyne's mouth are picked up all down the coast to Flamborough Head, but no portion of the wreckage of any vessel wrecked, say, at Flamborough Head, Scarborough, or Whitby, has ever been found north of those points. The egg of a goose would represent the size of the largest pebbles, and these occur at Cayton Bay. The shingle forms one continuous slope; there is no spring full' or 'neap full.'

10. The shingle is certainly not accumulating, and on the other hand the diminution is too small to be perceptible, and the rate cannot be ascertained. From Bridlington to Whitby the foreshore, wherever accessible, is the great quarrying ground for the wants of the immediate neighbourhood, sand, shingle, and boulders alike being obtained as required, and this must certainly diminish the amount; but this is probably made up again by the frequent falls of cliff which occur after heavy seas and through springs in the cliff.

12.-There are no groynes on this line of coast, with the exception of two or three at Bridlington Quay, built for the protection of the sea-wall or promenade there. These are built at right angles to the shore line; their length and distance apart can be obtained from the plans, their height ranges from about 7 feet at the shore end to 2 feet at the other. I have no knowledge of where they were built, and there is no shingle at this place-they are built of masonry and wood.

13. The material is taken indiscriminately from all the foreshore between highand low-water mark. The shingle and boulders are mostly taken for road and path making, the sand for building and other purposes, and large boulders are taken for building purposes. It is mostly taken by highway and local board authorities, and by lords of the manor, who levy a toll upon all private individuals taking it with their consent. No half-tide reefs are known to have existed before such removal, but it is certain that these large boulders (and at Scarborough even the reefs of flat rocks are being quarried), shingle, and sand form a breakwater, which breaks the violence of the waves, and consequently their removal cannot but affect the cliffs in their neighbourhood.

14. The coast is being worn back along the whole line from Bridlington to Whitby, but the greatest recession is between Bridlington and the Humber, where in places it has receded as much as 90 yards between thepresent survey and that made fortythree years ago, and it has been computed that 2 yards go annually along this line of coast. In all the bays, Filey, Robin Hood's, Whitby, and the smaller ones (Scarborough is in part protected by a sea-wall), where the cliffs are mostly of boulder clay, there the recession has been most. The average width lost in these during the above period would probably be about 20 yards, in places much more, in others less. After the boulder clay the shale and sandstone cliffs, as between Peak and Whitby, appear to 1895.

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be least able to withstand the onslaught-the rate of recession here, taking the same period, would average 8 or 9 yards-more or less. The height of the clay cliff would be about 100 feet, with an average width from top to bottom of 60 yards. The height of the shale cliff would be from 150 to 200 feet, with an average width from top to bottom of 30 yards, although they are in many cases nearly perpendicular. The chalk cliffs of Flamborough appear to stand the influence of the sea best; the average recession there, I should say, would not be more than 2 or 3 yards during the same period. When there are large beds of boulders at the foot of the cliff, and the cliffs themselves are destitute of springs, there is scarcely any difference between the line as now surveyed at foot of cliff and that surveyed forty years ago. I know of no data for determining the rate except the 6-inch Ordnance Survey made about forty years ago.

15. The loss is not confined to areas bare of shingle; the amount taken is retrieved by the amount made by falls of cliff. There are no groynes for the arresting of shingle. 16. There is no area regained on this line of coast.

17.-There are no dunes in this district. I have heard they exist at Redcar, but have no personal knowledge of them.

18. I have been unable to obtain any information in this respect. I recollect reading at Bridlington, in a local history or newspaper, the effect of the sea on that line of coast, and I think it probable some information might be obtained there. 19. I have no remarks bearing on the subject that are not covered by the foregoing replies.

To Captain W. Russell, R.E.

Ordnance Survey, Whitby, June 13, 1892.

Sir, I beg to state that the attached report is made from my own memory and knowledge, and from what I have heard. I have been unable to obtain any information from any book, newspaper, or report beyond a geological map which I saw in Scarborough Museum when there during the week, so that I cannot verify my statements, but I believe they are as nearly accurate as it is possible to get in a statement of this sort.

(Signed) S. CROOK.

List of Differences between 6-inch Scale Maps and Scale Revised Plans, showing how far the Bank or Cliff has broken away since the 6-inch Scale Survey, at the points indicated, measured from the 6-inch Map.

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Erosion of Coast of Lancashire since 6-inch Survey, July 23, 1892.

Report by Captain A. D. MEERES, R.E.

I have to report that the greatest encroachment of the sea on the Lancashire coast between the Duddon and Ribble estuaries has taken place:

1. On the S.W. coast of Walney Island, where in one place ( plan 7) the coast line has receded nearly half way across a narrow part of the island.

2. At Rossall Point, where about 420 feet has been washed away since the 1844-45 Survey.

The coast at both of these places is, generally speaking, low, with sand and shingle foreshore and no rocks.

The amount of erosion varies so much that I have been unable to arrive at a satisfactory average for each 6-inch sheet, but in attached list are given the maximum amounts of erosion at each place, and on accompanying 6-inch sheets (21, 27, 28, 22, 38, 37, 42, 58, 59, and 67) the present coast line is shown in red, where it differs materially from the old, with some measurements of the extent of encroachment at those points marked. The measurements in all cases are taken from traces, except for Sheets 58 and 67, where the coast line was not replotted.

I may add that the gain of land along this coast is, owing to the extensive reclamation in the Ribble estuary and the construction of the Furness Railway, probably far greater than the loss occasioned by erosion. There is also a slight gain at places near Barrow, due to slag from ironworks being tipped in the sea, forming embankments.

6-inch

(To accompany Capt. Meeres's Report of July 23, 1892.)

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Sheet

10

No appreciable change

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Slight changes in coast line of sandhills, but not of
importance

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Slight erosion from Earnse Point to about 30 chains south,
and for a length of 30 chains at Tummershill, Rabbit
Warren
Considerable encroachment of sea. Maximum about 600
yards north of Trough Head. Groynes now erected where
shown on 6-inch map

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720

28

Some erosion on the S.E. end of Walney Island, on the
South Coast

158

223

At east extremity the coast lines are not well defined,
but there appears to have been erosion going on at
N.E. point, now a groyne near S.E. point
Some erosion from Rampside to Point of Comfort, and
slight amount from tomile south of Aldingham
Church

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38

About 2 miles east of Fleetwood erosion for a length of
28 chains, and some more to the west of Fleetwood,
commencing at the west end of the town and extending
nearly to Rossall Point

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A considerable encroachment of the sea at Rossall Point,
gradually diminishing to the south.

422

42

Continuation of above to about mile south of Rossall
School, except for a length of about 400 yards, opposite
Rossall School, where there is a substantial sea-wall and
no change in coast line

50

There are now groynes along this portion of the coast
No change of importance

263

58

59

A considerable encroachment extending from about 11
mile N.W. to about 1 mile S.E. of St. Anne's.

390

67

APPENDIX IV.

SECOND CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WORKS ON THE COAST-CHANGES AND SHORE-DEPOSITS OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

By W. WHITAKER, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Assoc. Inst.C.E.

This being the final Report of the Committee, it is well that the bibliography in an earlier Report should be supplemented and continued. The 431 entries therein carried the list to the middle of 1886, and now 18 are added, from 1815 to 1885, 6 for 1886, and 52 from 1887 on, or 76 in all, bringing the total to 507, to which probably many additions can be made from local sources.

1815.

Kidd, Professor J. A Geological Essay. . . . chap. xxii. On the Action of the Sea upon the Land. (Ramsey, near St. David's, pp. 215, 216.) 8vo. Oxford.

Clarke, Rev. W. B. the County of Suffolk. ton Naze) pp. 366, 367.

1840.

On the Geological Structure and Phænomena of . . Causes in Action. (Coast, Bawdsey to WalTrans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. v. p. 359.

1854.

Oldham, James. On the Physical Features of the Humber. Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1853, pp. 36-45, pl. 2.

1856.

Redman, J. B. Report on Sandown Castle. Together with a Letter from the Secretary of State for War to the Mayor of Deal. 8vo. Lond. [Printed at the War Office.]

1861.

Morton, G. H. On the Pleistocene Deposits of the District around Liverpool. (Refers to Submarine Forest.) Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. sess. 1, 2, p. 12.

1870.

Morton, G. H. Anniversary Address. (Refers largely to Submarine Forests.) Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. sess. 11, p. 3.

1872.

Ricketts, Dr. C. Anniversary Address. [Refers to Coast Deposits, &c.] Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. sess. 13, p. 3.

1874.

Reade, T. M. Tidal Action as a Geological Cause. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. sess. 15, p. 50.

1875.

Kinahan, G. H. Valleys and their Relation to Fissures, Fractures, and Faults. (Refers to S. Devon Coast, pp. 36, 37, 81; to Romney Marsh, pp. 206-208.) 8vo. Lond.

1876.

Sawyer, F. E. The Erosion of the Sussex Coast, with special reference to Great Storms which have visited the County. 23rd Ann. Rep. Brighton Nat. Hist. Soc. pp. 129-138 (imperfectly entered in earlier list).

Tylor, A. Denuding Agencies and Geological Deposition under the Flow of Ice and Water and similar remarks on Marine Deposits, illustrated by the Irish Sea and the Chesil Beach. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. iii. p. 90. Fuller abstract than in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxii. Proc. p. 4.

1879.

:

Edwards, G. The River Waveney did it ever reach the Sea viâ Lowestoft ? 8vo. Lowestoft, pp. 20.

1880.

McDiarmid, W. R. Additional Note on the North-East Coast of Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. vol. iii. pt. 3, pp. 292, 293.

Norfolk.

1882.

McDiarmid, W. R. Second Additional Note on the North-East Coast of Norfolk. Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. vol. iv. pt. ii. pp. 171–173.

1883.

Grantham, R. F. Land reclaimed from the Sea (with Discussion). Trans. Inst. Surv. vol. xv. pp. 297–324.

1884.

Shone, W. The Silting up of the Dee. Proc. Chester Soc. Nat. Sci. no. 3, p. 52.

Spratt [Rear-Admiral], T. A. B. Report on the Present State of the Navigation of the River Mersey. 8vo. Lond.

1885.

Blake, J. H. Geological Survey of England & Wales. Explanation of Horizontal Sections, Sheet 128. [Kessingland, Pakefield, Corton. Refers to waste of coast, &c.] Dated 1884 on p. 1, but 1885 on p. 8. 8vo. Lond. pp. 8.

1886.

Dowson, A. Groynes on Shifting Beaches (Brighton). Engineer, vol. lxii. pp. 346, 347.

Price, F. G. H. Mag. dec. iii. vol. iii.

The Landslip in the Warren near Folkestone. Geol. p. 240.

Reade, T. M. Notes on a Bed of Fresh-water Shells and a Chipped Flint lately found at the Alt Mouth. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 137-139.

Redman, J. B. Tidal Approaches and Deep-water Entrances. Trans. Soc. Eng. pp. 143–168, pl. i.

Vernon-Harcourt, L. F. The River Seine. (Discussion. Refers to the Ribble, Humber, Mersey, Thames, and Tees, pp. 259, 260, 263, 264, 270-272, 285, 286, 291-296, 301-304, 308-312, 323, 324, 340, 341.) Proc. Inst. C. E. vol. lxxxiv. p. 210.

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