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Upon it there is still a place called the Pandy, where there are three wells, and where there was a clothmill. Going up the Wlf-bers, at the place called Ty Craig, there was the Walk, or Lyth Mill; above it a paper-mill; and still higher up another, called, temp. Elizabeth," the Olde Mill", probably for grinding corn. To the north of Overton are Carreg y Francod (Stone of the Frenchmen) and Three-a-Penny (?" Tre y Panna"). The Rev. D. S. Evans informs me that the word "Ffranc" occurs in the early Welsh MSS. Taking these names together with the two Franktons' in North Salop, we seem to discover that there were at a very early date Frankish settlers who brought to Maelor certain manufactures, as at a later period happened to Tenby. In the Cheshire Domesday account of Hurdingberie, A.D. 1086, it appears that there were at that date "tres Francigena" in the manor.

It is matter of history how Baldwin, Count of Flanders, sent men to Northumberland in order to assist the Norman William. The le Fleming family, of Coniston and Rydal, represent and confirm that fact ; but the Francigena of Domesday seem to point to an earlier settlement. At the north end of Emral Park, an ancient road crosses the stream at a place called Turpin's Ford. In the Gests of Charlemagne, King of the Franks, born A.D. 742, we read, in cap. 21: "Turpin by the grace of God, Archbishop of Rheims, and constant companion of the emperor Charlemagne, sends greeting, etc. For this end you requested of me, when I was in Vienne, weak from scars and wounds, to write to you," etc. "Turpin", writes Professor Earle, "was a name familiar to Francigenæ." In Domesday Book Hurdingberie was found waste, and was paying 30s. rent, as against 12 ore (20s.) in the time of King Edward. There was a new mill there. This is what we should expect after the Danish invasion of the previous century, the effects of which were especially This year the Old

1 See Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for A, D, 780. Saxons and the Franks fought."

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felt by Overton and Worthenbury. We gather this for one reason among others, that they seem anciently to have been parishes, and had townships of their own, but after the Danish incursion to have been dependent upon the mother church of Bangor. In Ministers' Accounts for the County of Fflynt, 19 and 20 Edward IV, Roger Puleston has two grain-mills in the vill of Worthenbury, and in the same vill a fulling-mill. In the 29th of Queen Elizabeth, an Ing. p. m. finds that Roger Puleston was seized of two water corn-mills in Worthenbury, and amongst other lands of a field called Kae'r Velin the field of the mill. The fullingmill, however, is now noted as being in Halghton, where a place called the Pandy still remains, just above the park on the south side. In the early Registers of Hanmer there are names of people, some of whom were certainly, and others probably, attracted to the neighbourhood by the cloth trade. Roger and Bartholomew Keay came from Yorkshire. Roger Gott is married at Hanmer in 1563; the Roan (or Rone) family are dyers; and Richard Ridgway comes from Cheshire to the Pandy in Halghton.

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The Rev. D. S. Evans suggests that panna may be the Welsh bannau eminences, hills. Mr. W. B. M. Thoyts has favoured me with a plan of Emral, the chapel, stables, etc., in which the mill is placed at some little distance below the house on the left bank of Col-broc. This may have been its situation in recent times, when converted into a corn-mill; but an older site' would seem to have been the north-west corner of the present kitchen-garden, to which the water was conveyed from the weir, which is at some distance from the house, higher up the stream, by a direct channel which may have been tunneled for part of its course. The same supply kept the moat ad

1 This is confirmed by the name "Mill-Field" for that part of the park which adjoins the gardens to the west. A "mill-garden" also was beside the chapel, which stood at some distance from, but opposite to, the north window of the dining-room. This chapel was pulled down about 1774.

to 1862.

joining the house and other pools clean and fresh down When the water above the weir filled the banks, and formed a lake, along which the kingfisher and water-ouzel would dart now and again, while every bush in that charming grove had its own songbird, the whole must have seemed a complete apádeisos.

As the question is still asked, why Emral was placed on such low ground (from which the Broxton Hills and Malpas can alone be seen), we reply, that anciently houses were so placed for the sake of shelter; but there was another reason in this case, and one which is no doubt the key to the whole situation. The approach to the house from the Whitchurch Road crosses a willow-bed (formerly a lake), then passes along a noble avenue of elms, and a roadway lined on each side with fine stabling and coach-houses, and so over the Col-broc by a bridge to the east front. On the north side of the avenue is a large Roman camp, which may be represented in the name " Kae'r Velin". The reason why the park on the right bank is called Maes y Pandy may be because the original fulling-mill was on that side the stream. Roman camps were generally upon low-lying ground. At a short distance below this one there is a water-worn rift in the bank, just such as might be expected below a mill. On the east side of the camp is a depression, which once seems to have been filled with water, which would no doubt flow into it by proper channels from innumerable springs in the long bank that slopes down from Burton's Wood. We have expressed the opinion above, that Emral is the translated form of Worthen (gwerdd-'em = an emerald); also, that Emral is the older situation we have no doubt; for this reason, among others, that 1800 years ago Worthenbury would often be under water when the camp at Emral' was high and dry. Add to this

1 There were two other lakes between this one and Turpin's Ford, and the stones and bricks of which the dams were built may be seen in the banks of Col-broc.

2 It confirms this view when we find that 43 acres of the demesne,

the number of Roman ways which concentrate upon the place, and we find at once that its importance must have been considerable. The Lion Lane, by Penley (ie., the road leading to Caer Legionum, or Holt), passing by Halch-dyn, and a square camp called the Gard, bears directly upon it; another is the road now called Halghton Lane, of which one branch left the "direct Watling Street" one mile and a half southeast of Hanmer, and another left it one mile and a half north of Hanmer, and, after becoming one, and passing various encampments, bears direct upon Emral; another road, coming from Wallington Lane, seems to go east through Burton's Wood; another-along which coal-carts went within the last hundred years-started from Eglwys y groes, and, passing the Old Hall, Willington Cross, Mulsford and Emral, entered Bangor by High Gate. The road which crossed the Col-broc at Turpin's Ford was the regular approach to Bangor from the Sarn, proceeding along Wallington Lane to the Dwngre Gate; then the Lion Lane proceeds from Emral along a lane, still there, to the Queen's Ford, where it is said that Queen Eleanor crossed the river Elfe; another road leads to Worthenbury, and direct to Shocklach, across the meadows, when the water would allow of it; but this must have been in much later times.

The form of the moat (not square with the house at the north-west corner, but coming short of it by some 12 ft.), which protects the west and south sides of the house, seems to confirm the suggestion that a tower stood at the north end, and that a road, with the stream in front of it, protected the east front. Many similar instances of houses so protected occur in Maelor.

I am much indebted to Mr. R. P. Ethelston for the loan of photographs, from one of which the view of Emral on the west side has been taken. The plan of the house and its surroundings is taken from the 15 in. Ordnance Map, with some additions.

called Maes Emral, lie on the right bank of Col-broc, to the east of the square camp.

42

LLYFR SILIN

YN CYNNWYS ACHAU AMRYW DEULUOEDD

YN NGWYNEDD, POWYS, ETC.

(Continued from Vol. iv, p. 316.)

GARTHERYR.

PLANT Owen ap Gruffydd ap Dafydd fychan o Annes verch Rys ap Einion fychan oedd Sir Dafydd Owen,' Person Nannerch, Kanonwr o Llanelwy a Vikar Eglwysfach; Elizabeth Owen gwraig Ffoulke Salsbri ap Pirs Salsbri; a Mared verch Owen gwraig Thomas ap Ieuan ap Rys o Arth

garmon.

Reinallt ap Moris ap Gruffydd ap Dafydd fychan ap Dafydd ap Madoc Kyffin.

[In Pant Philip MS., Hugh of Gartheryr ap Reinallt, etc. -I. M.]

Mam Reinallt oedd Annes verch Siankin ap Rys ap Howel ap Madoc ap Tudr ap Gronw ap Gruffydd ap Madoc ap Iorwerth ap Madoc ap Ririd

Flaidd.

Mam Annes oed Margred verch Howel ap Iolyn ap Ieuan Gethin ap y Kyffin.

Mam Margred oedd Morfydd verch Ieuan Lloyd ap Dafydd ap Gruffydd ap Ali ap Ieuan fychan ap Heilin ap Ieuan ap Adda o Fochnant. Mam Howel ap Iolyn oedd Myfanwy verch Howel ap Ednyfed Gam o Nantheudwy.

Ieuan ap

Mam Siankyn ap Rys ap Howel oedd Gwerfyl verch
Ieuan Kruch ap Siankin o Ardudwy ap Ieuan
ap Adda goch ap
Edward ap Ednyfed ap Ior-

1 Rector of Llandoget, 1534-37; Rector of Nannerch, 1537-58; Prebendary of Meifod, in St. Asaph Cathedral, 1534-58.

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