"Bailiff's House", "Cumbers' Park", and "Caput Field", speak for themselves. Obiit, s. p., A.D. 1317, æt. seventyeight; and perhaps his lands here and at Prestatyn passed to one of his own name, and so to the Conway family, for in Harl. MS. 1977 there is a Pyers Konwy, Archdeacon of St. Asaph, living at Gredington c. 1530.

I do not undertake to reconcile the following references: "Carta Rob'ti de Crevequer p' quam dedit Baldewyno de Privytt. totam villam de Worthingbury cum advocacione eccl'ie ejusdem h'end. sibi heredibus et assignatis." No date. (Rot. Fin. Henry III and Edward I, p. 72.) "Carta Ric'i de Pyvelsdon p' quam reddidit Regi Edwardo omnes terras et tenementa que de ipso Rege tenuit in Worthingbury in p'tibus de Mayelor Seysenek. dat. an. regni ipsius Regis. vii. et irrotul. in rubro libro scaccarii." Upon this Robert de Crevequer is put into possession. In the same year he obtained a grant of a weekly market, and an annual fair of three days at his manor of Overton. (Dugdale's Baronage.) In 12 Edward I, Roger de Pyvelsdon, Knt., Sheriff of Anglesey, and very active in collecting the King's subsidies, is hanged by the Welshmen (Harl. MS. 1971, where "Richard" Pyvelsdon is said to have been "beheaded").

In the Calendarium Genealogicum (Longmans, 1865), 27 Edward I, June 3, an Inq. p. m. shows that Adam de Creting died seized of Haveringes, Essex, of Overton Manor, "Mailor Seisnek terr' extent' (Salop aut Wallia)." The jurors add, "Johannes de Creting filius predicti Adæ de Creting est propinquior heres ipsius Adæ, sed cujus ætatis sit ignorant, quia natus fuit apud Strogul in Wallia." In a writ to Nicho. de Audeley and Thomas de Macclesfield, of 27 Edward I (see Rolls of Parliament, vol. i, p. 279), there is reference made to "Adam de Cretyng, nuper Ballivus celebris memorie Alianoræ quondam Regine Anglie consortis nostre de Overton." Adam de Cretyng was killed in Gascony, 22 Edward I, and his son John was summoned to Parliament as a Baron, 6th Edward III, but not afterwards.

5TH SER., VOL. V.

3

The Strogul (Strigyl) where he was born is, I presume, the village of Hanmer, where the name still attaches to a road between high banks on the south-east side. Its later name of Chad-hull was obtained (as supposed) from St. Chad's residence there.

In the Salesbury MSS., "Richard de Pyvelesdon makes a grant to Philip de Chetwynde and Isabella his wife", dated at Embrall, 22 Edward I. In Dr. Powell's (Caradoc) History of Wales, p. 301, "he does homage at Chester, 29th Edward I, to the Prince for his lands in Wales." In the 27th Report, 98, App., Rolls Office, A.D. 1309, "Rd. de Pulesdon, Kt., holds the manor of Embral, in Meylir Seysnik, immediately of the King, by service yearly of 6s. 23d., and was (? Embral) of the yearly value of £10."

Griffith Maelor having died at his Castle of Dinas Bran in 1270, his four sons indited the following:"By deed dated at Dinas bran on the morrow of St. Thomas the Apostle, 1270, Madoc, Llewelyn, Owen, and Griffin, sons of Griffin, Lord of Bromfeild, conceded to the Lady Emma, their mother, for the term of her life, all the lands and tenements which the said Griffin, their father, gave to her during his life, viz., the country of Mailor Saisenec with the appurtenances, the manor of Overton with the mill and stream and all the appurtenances, the vill of Hagneme (Hanmer) with &c., Lannerpanna with &c., Colton with &c., and all the vills which are situate in the country of Mailor Saisenec."

By a settlement (Inq. p. m., 5 Edward I), of which the above is a confirmation, Griffith Maelor gives his wife "decem libratas redditus de Meylor Seysnek, et partem dominicarum de Overton." In the Salusbury MSS. it is stated, on the authority of John Erthig of Erthig, that "Emma Audley had Maelor Saesneg for her jointure, and her house of Emrall was built for her.

We cannot at present quote any document where the name occurs earlier than 1270; but as Worthenbury (written in Domesday Book" Hurdingberie") seems intended to represent the Welsh word gwerdd-ém-an

emerald, we conclude that it is the translated form of an old name, and one singularly applicable to the place. On this Welsh border it is equally common to find British names, or English translations of the original; i.e., at the east end of Maelor, in Iscoyd :-(1) The Cae Riphen [driphen-triangular] is found not far distant from the "three-cornered field", both being the lands set apart for the maintenance of the pilgrims who came to the shrine at Maes-y-groes. (2) An earlier name of the lake called Han (Sax. héan-high) mere must have been Llyn Bleddyn: the west banks of it are still called the Blethins; and the stream which runs out of it was called, temp. Edward II, "Wlf-bers". (3) In Willington we have the "Three Fingers", where Ed. Lhuyd, in 1699, wrote Trowch (tres vici). (4) On the south-east of Hanmer, the Tir-y-gors, which now is called the Arowry Moss. (5) On the west side there was, in A.D. 1590, the Cwm-bers Garowe (Sax.), where now there is the Cwm-bers Marsh, or horse-pasture. (6) In Bettisfield, the Mynydd cwm du, where Owen Glyndower was defeated in A.D. 1404, became, in due course, Panmeneth (Pen mynydd) and Hal on th' hill. (7) One more instance may be given in Iscoyd, where, to the north of Maes-y-groes, there is a rectangular camp which is faintly discernible in a field that bears the very suggestive name of "Slaughter-Field".

In the list of places conceded by her sons to the Lady Emma, Lanerch Panna is another name for Penley, and Col-ton for Emral. The three brooks which meet in the Park are the Wlf-bers, the Panna-broc, and Colbroc. This last, which absorbs the others, comes past Penley Mill from Clare Pool, which is half a mile south of Welshampton. The watershed of the Dee and Severn is between Clare Pool and Colmere. There are strong springs in the hill, which run north and south; we may therefore conclude that Cole-mere and Col-broc get their names from the same thing,--whether that is the hill (collis) from which they derive their supplies, or coll (W.-hazel-wood), or cole, meaning charcoal-burning.

To the question how the site of Emma Audley's house was fixed upon, having the choice of three other places, we can see that she might not care to be in close proximity to the King's bailiff at Hanmere, nor to his clericus and firmarius manerii at Overton; and equally might wish to be in Bangor parish, of which her son Oweyn was rector,' and especially to have the protection afforded by a castle or tower adjoining her house.

That there was such a tower there is to be concluded from the circumstance, already mentioned, of the saloon being at the top of the house. In the Archæologia (vol. iv, pp. 411, 412) this point is made clear,-"where we find, besides a keep on an hill, an additional tower communicating with it by means of a gallery, and drawbridge as at Tunbridge. Such additional tower had also magnificent apartments in the upper stories, and was fortified. Only the entrance here was not so carefully secured; the great strength of all being in the keep, to which a retreat might be made through the gallery. But the rule of having state apartments very high, and generally in the third story, was invariably observed in all. And hence, perhaps, we may account for an odd circumstance in some very magnificent modern houses built on the site of ancient castles, namely, that the grand apartments are there also on the third story, where in other houses we find only the attic-story and apartments of an inferior kind. This is remarkably the case at Chatsworth and at Belvoir Castle; and these noble houses being built on the site of ancient castles, where the state rooms were always on that story, this old custom probably was preserved both as a mark of ancient dignity and as proof of their original."

The Rector of Worthenbury informs me that there was such a tower formerly at Emral (or Colton); and the question we ask is," Why was it placed there?" The answer is, "To guard an industry." Part of Emral Park is in Hanmer parish, and bears the name in the Inqui

1 Powys Fadog, i, p. 172, and G. T. O. Bridgeman's Princes of South Wales, p. 251 (n.).

sitions of "Monkes ffeild", taking us back to the days of Bangor Monastery. That field is part of the township of Halghton, formerly written "Halchdyn"; from which name we conclude that a tower once stood at the place now called Halghton Hall to guard the salt1 trade, the salt springs extending down the valley of the Elfe as far as Worthenbury.

The tower at Colton seems to have been erected in order to guard the cloth-mills that are found here. In earlier times Bangor had been defended on its eastern side by three lines of earthworks, which are found at regular intervals in the three valleys which cut Maelor through from north to south, and which began and ended in impassable forests. Along these lines the name "Gwergloth" (W. gwarch-glawdd an entrenchment) occurs again and again, and at certain points the ramparts can still be traced.

These towers belong to a later age. A large part of Emral Park, on the east side of Col-broc, bears the name of Maes y Pandy. One of the three brooks which meet above Emral was called, temp. Edward III, the "Panna, Broc". It runs down from Llanerch Panna.

1 In The Globe for December 29, 1887, is the following:-"The English language is computed to be composed, roughly speaking, of 40,000 words, of which 29,000 are of Latin origin, mostly through Norman French; the remaining 14,000 are of Teutonic extraction. Of this store the roots are insignificantly few. Take, for one example, what I have already used elsewhere, the word sal (salt), which enters so largely into our vocabulary. To track the history of this word is to discover that salt was, in primitive times, esteemed above all other earthly possessions. The ancient greeting, Salve!' is, May you have salt!' Salary is the wherewithal to procure salt; a sale is a barter for salt, and selling a negotiation for salt. To say a man earns his salt" is to say he gets his living. When we pronounce a place to be salubrious, what do we mean but that it abounds with salt? To salute a man is to express a hope he has enough salt. To be in safety is to be in reach of salt. A saviour is only another word for one able and willing to furnish us with the salt which all need, and salvation is the happy condition of possessing as much salt as is required. In like way every word is to be traced to its root. Given the root, the rest will follow."

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2 I am indebted to the Rev. D. Silvan Evans for this word.