Sheet 35 of the Ordnance Map, to Caerleon (Isca Silurum), on Sheet 36. Both Abergavenny and Usk were connected with Gloucester (Glevum) by a road passing through Weston, near Ross (Ariconium), and dividing into two branches at Monmouth (Blestium), as specified in the 13th iter of Antoninus.

The roads we have been examining up to now are those to which we know from historical record that the Romans attached the greatest strategical importance; but there are many others whose existence can be proved by archæological discoveries made on or near their sites, by the place-names along the route, and by their straightness as compared with the ordinary British trackways and modern roads. Mr. Jas. Davies has already described the five principal Roman roads in Herefordshire in the Archæologia Cambrensis,1 namely, (1), from Wroxeter to Abergavenny, as specified in the 12th iter of Antoninus; (2), Kenchester, vid Stretton Grandison (Cicutio), to Worcester (Wigonia); (3), Kenchester to Weston, near Ross (Ariconium); (4), Brandon' to Stretton Grandison; (5), Weston to Gloucester, as specified in the 13th iter of Antoninus.

Those we are chiefly concerned with are the two which pass through Stretton Grandison, namely Nos. 2 and 4. The whole of road No. 2 will be found on Sheet 43 of the Ordnance Map. It proceeds in a tolerably straight line eastward through Holme, past Withington Railway Station, and by Yarkhill to Stretton Grandison, the whole distance being about twelve miles. The following Roman place-names occur on or near the road,-Stretton Sugwas, Duck Street (a mile and a half north of Withington Railway Station), Street Lane (near Yarkhill), and Stretton Grandison itself.

There appears to have been a Roman road, not mentioned in Mr. Davies' paper, which crossed the one just described at Holmer, and passing through Hereford

1 Vol. iv, New Series, p. 320.

2 Mr. Davies supposed Bravinium to be at Brandon instead of at Leintwardine.

went on south to Monmouth. My reason for believing this road to be Roman is partly on account of its straightness, and also because there is a Portway marked along its line, on the Ordnance Map, at a point three miles south of Hereford. The road in question was a continuation of the one from Wroxeter, called Watling Street; and another Portway is marked along its line, three miles north of Hereford. (See Ordnance Map, Sheet 55.)

Mr. Davies' road, No. 3, from Kenchester to Weston, near Ross, branches out from the road between Kenchester and Stretton Grandison, near Withington Station, going southward along the east side of the valley of the Wye, and past Fownhope and Crow Hill to Weston. It is along the continuation of this road, northward from Withington Railway Station, that the name Duck Street occurs.

Road No. 4, from Stretton Grandison to Brandon, near Leintwardine, can be traced on Sheet 55 of the Ordnance Map. It goes in a north-west direction as far as England's Gate, and thence nearly north, and parallel with the Hereford and Shrewsbury Railway, passing Leominster about two miles to the west. The name Stretford occurs along the line of the road not far from Leominster.

The portion of road, No. 2, between Kenchester and Worcester, beyond Stretton Grandison, is also on Sheet 55 of the Ordnance Map. It goes in a north-east direction past Castle Froome, and over the northern end of the Malvern Hills into Worcestershire.

The road from Stretton Grandison, south-east to Newent, is quite straight enough to be Roman, although it is not mentioned as being so by Mr. Davies. The name Cold Arbour is marked close to this road, a mile north of Newent.

Stretton Grandison contains in its double name much of its early history. It marks an English settlement on a Roman road, and commemorates the great Burgundian family which possessed it in feudal times.

William de Grandison acquired property in Herefordshire before the end of the thirteenth century.' The manor now belongs to the Rev. Prebendary William Poole, who has very courteously furnished me with much valuable information about the Roman roads of Herefordshire, through Mr. R. W. Banks, our Treasurer. The name Cicutio, which has been identified with Stretton Grandison, is not mentioned in the Itinerary of Antoninus, but occurs in the list of Roman towns given by the anonymous geographer of Ravenna, who wrote in the seventh century. The Roman camp at Stretton Grandison is not marked on the Ordnance Map; but the point where the aqueduct of the Hereford and Gloucester Canal crosses the river Froome, three-quarters of a mile south of Stretton Grandison Church, can be clearly seen.

2

Having now fully made out the connection between the general system of Roman roads in Britain, and those passing through Stretton Grandison, we have to consider the antiquities found there.

The Roman lamp is of terra-cotta, of the usual form, with a shallow, circular saucer to hold the oil, and a projecting spout for the wick. The medallion with which the oil-cup is covered over is decorated with a bas-relief representing a boy standing with his legs apart, and a dog jumping up against him. Somewhat similar figure-subjects occur upon a lamp in the Guildhall Museum, and upon one illustrated in G. P. Bellori's Le Antiche Lucerne Sepulcrali Figurate (Roma, 1704).

The steelyard is imperfect, as the handle for suspension, and the four chains for attaching the scale-pan, are wanting. Complete specimens are very seldom found in this country. In the British Museum there is a Roman steelyard with the weight and all the hooks,

1 Robinson's Mansions of Herefordshire.

2 This list is given in Thomas Wright's The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 463. The original MSS. are in the Libraries of the Vatican and in Paris.

but without the scale-pan. It was discovered at Kingholm, in Gloucestershire, and belonged formerly to the Rev. Samuel Lysons, the great antiquary. It is engraved in the Archæologia, vol. x, Pl. 13. Another nearly perfect Roman steelyard, dug up in Mr. D. Cooper's grounds at Bainesse, Catterick, Yorkshire, is described in a paper by the Rev. R. E. Hooppell, LL.D., in the Journal of the British Archæological Association, vol. xliii, p. 238.

Roman Lamp found at Stretton Grandison, Herefordshire.

We can supply the missing portions of the Stretton Grandison steelyard by comparing it with an extremely interesting one, in perfect condition, from Pompeii,1

1 See the Right Rev. Bishop Edward Trollope's Illustrations of Ancient Art selected from Objects discovered at Pompeii and Herculaneum, Plate xliv, fig. 9; and Penny Encyclopædia, article, "Steelyard".

bearing the following inscription, fixing its date at A.D. 77,

(In the eighth consulate of the Emperor Vespasian Augustus, and in the sixth of the Emperor Titus, son of Augustus. Proved in the Capitol.)

There are three kinds of weighing machines made on the lever principle, with a horizontal beam: (1), the equal-armed balance, in which the leverage round the fulcrum is constant, and the weight varied by adding to its mass; (2), the ordinary steelyard, sometimes called the "Roman", in which the weight is constant, and the leverage raised by moving it along the beam of the scales; and (3), another less common sort of steelyard, known as the "Danish", in which the weight is constant in amount, and fixed at the end of the beam of the scales, the leverage being raised by altering the point of suspension.

The most common weighing machines amongst the Romans were of the first two kinds, the balance (libra) and the steelyard (statera), and I am not aware that the third kind was used by them at all. The Roman equal-armed balance was just like the modern one, except that sometimes one side of the beam was marked with divisions, and provided with a sliding weight, thus combining the principle of the equal-armed balance

There is another sort of weighing machine on the lever principle, in which the leverage is varied by inclining the beam at different angles.

2 This class of weighing machine is used at the present day in Norway, Shetland, and Persia, being made of wood, and suspended by a looped cord. Its defect is that when the beam is inclined, the suspending loop is apt to slip and vitiate the result of the weighing operation. See Olaus Magnus, Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus (Romæ, 1555), p. 468; Oppressions of the Sixteenth Century in the Islands of Orkney and Zetland, p. 145; and Dr. Hibbert's Shetland.