thrice a week, and the theater is the center of a great popular attraction and social entertainment.

The climate of the valley in which the city stands is very salubrious, and the soil, where it can be irrigated, is extremely fertile. Wheat is said to produce, under favorable circumstances, a hundred-fold. The mountains which inclose the valley on the east side are covered with perpetual snow. Their summits are said to be about 10,000 feet (nearly two miles) above the level of the sea.

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT.-An account has been given in another part of this work of the migration of the Mormons to Utah, of the founding of Salt Lake City, the organization of the Territory in September, 1850, and the appointment of Brigham Young for its first Governor. In 1851, the Federal judges were forced by threats of violence from Brigham Young to leave Utah, and the laws and authority of the United States were openly defied and set at naught. This led to the removal of Brigham Young and the appointment of Colonel Steptoe as Governor. In August, 1854, Colonel Steptoe arrived in Utah with a battalion of soldiers, but such was the state of affairs that he did not deem it prudent to assume the office of Governor, and after wintering in Salt Lake City, he formally resigned his post, and removed with his troops to California. In a sermon preached in the Tabernacle at Salt Lake City, on the Sunday after Colonel Steptoe's departure, Brigham Young said: "I am and will be Governor, and no power can hinder it, until the Lord Almighty says, 'Brigham, you need not be Governor any longer.'

In February, 1856, a mob of armed Mormons broke into the courtroom of the United States District Judge, and at the point of the bowie-knife compelled Judge Drummond to adjourn his court sine die. Soon afterward all the United States officers, with the exception of the Indian Agent, were compelled to flee from the Territory. President Buchanan determined to supersede Brigham Young in the office of Governor, and to send to Utah a military force to protect the Federal officers and enforce obedience to the laws. The office of Governor was accordingly conferred in 1857 upon Alfred Cumming, a Superintendent of Indian Affairs on the Upper Missouri, and that of Chief-Justice on Judge Eckels, of Indiana, and a force of 2,500 men, under experienced officers, were sent out to protect them in the discharge of their duties. The Mormons were greatly excited at the approach of these troops. In his capacity of Governor, Brigham Young issued a proclamation forbidding the troops to enter the Territory, and calling the people of Utah to arms to repel the threatened invasion. The army reached Utah in September, and early in October was attacked by a body of mounted Mormons, who destroyed several of the supply trains, and cut off 300 oxen from the rear of the army, driving them to Salt Lake City.

The army, of which Colonel Johnston had by this time assumed command, was overtaken by the snows of winter before it could reach Salt Lake Valley, and about the middle of November went into winter quarters on Black's Fork, near Fort Bridger. Governor Cumming

issued a proclamation declaring the Territory in a state of rebellion. In the spring of 1858 a good understanding was brought about between Governor Cumming and the Mormon leaders, through the intervention of Mr. Thomas L. Kane, of Pennsylvania, and in May commissioners arrived in Utah with a proclamation from the President, offering pardon to all who would submit to the Federal authority. The offer was accepted by the Mormon leaders, and shortly afterward the troops entered the Territory, where they remained until withdrawn, in May, 1860.

On the 20th of January, 1862, a Convention met, in accordance with a resolution of the Territorial Legislature, and framed a State Constitution, similar in its essential features to most of our State Constitutions. This Constitution was submitted to the people on the 3d of March following. At the same time an election was held for Governor and other State officers, and member of Congress. The new State was to be called Deseret. The Constitution was ratified by a vote of 9,879. Brigham Young was elected Governor, having received 9,980 votes, the whole number cast. Heber C. Kimball was chosen Lieutenant-Governor, and John Bernhisel, then delegate from the Territory to the 37th Congress, was selected for Representative in Congress from the State of Deseret. Members of a State Legislature were also chosen at the same time. The elected were, of course, all Mormons, and bound to support the Mormon Church, its creed, and practices. The State Legislature convened on the 14th of April, and chose United States Senators. The application of the people of Utah to be admitted as a State of the Union was laid before Congress, but no other action was taken upon it than to refer it to the proper committee.

Utah possesses at the present time three distinct governments, extending over the whole Territory in form, if not in fact. There is, first, the Territorial Government, established by virtue of the organic act of Congress of 1850; secondly, the Government of the so-called State of Deseret, of which Brigham Young is Governor; and, thirdly, the Government of the Church, of which Brigham Young is First President and the Supreme Head. The Territorial Government, though having a formal existence, has but little vitality or power; the Mormon ecclesiastical organization is by far the stronger of the two. This organization is known as the "Mormon Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints," and was organized in 1864, as follows:

First Presidency.-The first quorum of authority in the Church is the First Presidency, and is composed of three members-Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and David H. Wells.

Twelve Apostles.-The next quorum in authority is the Twelve Apostles-Orson Hyde, Orson Pratt, John Taylor, Wilford Woodruff, Geo. A. Smith, Amasa M. Lyman, Ezra T. Benson, Charles C. Rich, Lorenzo Snow, Erastus Snow, Franklin D. Richards, George Q. Cannon.

Seventies. The next quorum in authority is the Seventies. The seventy members that constitute the first quorum of Seventies, are all Presidents of the first ten quorums of Seventies, making seven Presidents to each quorum; the members of all the other quorums of Seventies number

sixty-three each quorum having seven Presidents. There are sixtyeight quorums of Seventies organized in Utah Territory.

High-priests.-There is a quorum of High-priests, the numerical extent of which is not defined. This quorum has a President and two Counselors.

There are also quorums of Elders, Priests, Teachers, and Deacons.

The Seventies and High-priests in the various settlements in the Territory have meetings, and are regulated by a local Presidency, separate from, but subservient to, the standing Presidencies of their quorums.

John Smith, son of Hiram, is Presiding Patriarch. There are several Patriarchs in the Church.

High Council.-There is a High Council, composed of twelve members, organized at Salt Lake City, and in all the principal settlements of the Territory.

Bishops. The Territory is divided into wards; over each ward is a Bishop with two Counselors. Great Salt Lake City is divided into twenty wards. Edward Hunter is the Presiding Bishop.

Membership. In the Territory the numerical membership of the Church will nearly correspond with the population. Throughout the United States there are branches and members of the Church, but at present so unorganized that the number is not known.

There are organized branches and conferences of the Church throughout England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, Germany, and other parts of the world.

At the beginning of the year 1867, the Territorial Governor of Utah was Charles Durkee, and the Delegate from the Territory to the 39th Congress was William H. Hooper, of Salt Lake City. The Territorial elections are held on the first Monday in August, and the Territorial Legislature, consisting of a Council and House of Representatives, meets on the second Monday in December.

WASHINGTON.

THIS Territory occupies the extreme north-west portion of the domain of the United States. It is bounded on the north by the Straits of Juan de Fuca (which separate it from Vancouver's Island) and British America, east by Idaho, south by Oregon, (the Columbia River forming about half the boundary line,) and west by the Pacific Ocean. It lies (with the exception of a small bend in the Columbia River) between 46° and 49° north latitude, and between 117° and 125° west longitude. It was organized in 1853, and contained originally nearly double its present area. It embraces now probably about 70,000 square miles.

FACE OF THE COUNTRY AND MOUNTAINS.-The same general description of the surface as given in Oregon will apply to Washington, except

that the Blue Mountain range is more broken and scattered north of the Columbia River. The principal peaks of the Cascade Range in this Jivision are Mount St. Helen's, Mount Adams, Mount Rainier, and Mount Baker. Mount Olympus, the highest peak of the Coast Range, has an elevation of 8,197 feet. Most of these peaks are clothed with perpetual snow. Mount St. Helen's and Mount Rainier have been respectively estimated at 13,300 and 12,000 feet elevation.

MINERALS.-There has been little opportunity as yet to develop the mineral resources of this new Territory. Coal has, however, been discovered on or near Bellingham Bay, accompanied by the new red sandstone, which furnishes a fine building material, 20 or 30 miles up the Cowlitz River, and in the region about Puget's Sound, in abundance. Fossil copal exists on the shores of the Pacific, north of the Columbia River.

RIVERS, BAYS, SOUNDS, AND ISLANDS.-The Columbia River enters the Territory from British America, and crosses it first in a south-west and then in a south direction, till it arrives a little below 46° north latitude, when it turns westwardly and forms the south boundary, from the point just named to its mouth in the Pacific Ocean. This river divides Washington Territory into two parts, having the larger portion on the west; the Okanagan, from British America, is its principal branch on the north, and Yakima in the southern part of the Territory: both of these rivers enter the Columbia from the west. On the east, proceeding in order southwardly, its tributaries are the Flathead, or Clarke, Spokane, Saptin, or Lewis, and Walla Walla Rivers. The Clarke's and Lewis are large rivers, having their sources in the Rocky Mountains, and run in a north-west direction. The Cowlitz, the principal branch of the Columbia west of the Cascade Range, has a course of perhaps 100 miles. Chekalis or Chickalees, about 130 miles long, is the only river of importance discharging its waters directly into the Pacific from this Territory, except the Columbia. The Straits of Juan de Fuca, between Washington and Vancouver's Island, connect the Pacific Ocean with Admiralty Inlet, Puget's Sound, and Hood's Canal, all arms of a great bay extending about 60 or 70 miles in a south direction from the Gulf of Georgia, and all navigable for the largest ships which may moor to the very banks, such is the precipitousness of its shores. Gray's Harbor, an expansion at the mouth of the Chekalis River, in about 47° north latitude, has capacity for only a small amount of shipping. The Columbia, though navigable for ocean craft to the Cascades, is much obstructed near its mouth by sandbars and shallows, which make the navigation difficult, and have caused the loss of many vessels. The rest of this, as well as other rivers in Washington, are only navigable by boats and canoes, being much obstructed by rapids and falls. The principal of these are Kettle Falls, in the Columbia River, just below the mouth of Clarke's River. Shoalwater Bay, south of Gray's Harbor, opens into the Pacific by a narrow inlet. Bellingham Bay is an arm of the Gulf of Georgia near the north-west extremity of Washington. Elliott Bay is on the east side of Admiralty Inlet. The rivers of Washington, particularly west of the Cascade Mountains, having their sources

in those snowy summits, are liable to sudden floods, which inundate the lowlands on their shores. The rapids and falls abound in splendid sites for mill-seats. Cape Flattery, at the entrance of Juan de Fuca Straits, and Cape Disappointment, within the entrance of the Columbia River, are the principal capes. There are no large islands on this coast. The most important is Destruction, or Isle of Grief, about 40 miles south of Cape Flattery. In Admiralty Inlet is Whidby's Island, about 40 miles long, covered with fertile prairies, and noted for its deer. It has sufficient timber, but a scarcity of water. North-west of it are the Arroo Islands, so valuable for their fisheries.

OBJECTS OF INTEREST TO TOURISTS.-Washington shares with Oregon the grand scenery on the Columbia, the Cascades, the Dalles, and other interesting points. Here the lofty summits of Mount St. Helen's, Mount Adams, Mount Ranier, and Mount Baker rear their snowy peaks from the Cascade range, and Mount Olympus from the Coast Mountains. According to the Rev. G. Hines, "Mount St. Helen's, in the month of October, 1842, was observed to be covered with a dense cloud of smoke, which continued to enlarge and move off to the eastward, filling the heavens in that direction, and presenting an appearance like that occasioned by a tremendous conflagration, viewed at a vast distance. When the first volumes of smoke had passed away, it could be distinctly seen from various parts of the country that an eruption had taken place on the north side of St. Helen's, a little below the summit; and, from the smoke that continued to issue from the chasm or crater, it was pronounced to be a volcano in active operation. When the explosion took place, the wind was north-west, and on the same day, and extending from 30 to 50 miles to the south-east, there fell showers of ashes or dust, which covered the ground in some places so as to admit of its being collected in quantities. This last phenomenon has been of frequent occurrence, and has led many to suppose that volcanic eruptions are not uncommon in this country."

CLIMATE, SOIL, AND PRODUCTIONS.-The climate is very similar to that of Oregon, with some variations caused by difference of latitude and local peculiarities. The same may be said of the soil. The Cowlitz Valley is the most fertile portion of this territory, in which agriculture has been attempted. The Chehalis Valley on the west, is said to have 400,000 acres of excellent prairie and heavily-timbered land. The country immediately around Puget's Sound is represented as sandy and unfertile, but producing large fir and cedar trees. On going, however, some distance back from the sound, you come upon fine prairies and forests, and small lakes filled with fine fish and skirted with timber. Whidby's Island is also very fertile, but deficient in water. There are reported to be rich valleys on the streams flowing into Bellingham Bay. The valley of the Duwamish River, which flows into Elliott Bay, is very fertile, and is rapidly settling. The lowlands bordering on the streams are very productive, and covered densely with timber. Mr. T. Winthrop, of New York, who left that region in September, 1853, speaks of the country between Puget's Sound and the Cascade Mountains as heavily timbered, chiefly with fir, with some scattered prairies and dry