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the Rio Grande. This river is the main artery of the Territory, rising near its northern boundary, and flowing through its entire length. This valley is from one to four miles in width, but sometimes expands to ten or fifteen miles. It has a light soil, and, by means of artificial irrigation, it is rendered very productive. It is not unusual for the same land to yield two crops a year. As there is but little rain, artificial irrigation is necessary. This is accomplished by damming up the streams and leading the water by canals and ditches, called acequias, over the valleys. Near El Paso there is an acequia 20 miles in length.

Stock-raising is the most profitable source of income in New Mexico, the country being better adapted to this pursuit than to that of the cultivation of the soil. Immense flocks of sheep are raised, and mules in large numbers. In many parts the high plains and valleys and the smaller hills are covered with grass sufficient for the pasturage of millions of animals, and it is not necessary to shelter or feed them in winter. New Mexico supplies mules to the overland emigrants to California. It had in 1865 several hundred thousand milch cows, and 12,500,000 sheep.

WINE IN NEW MEXICO.-The following communication from Dr. Henry Hilger, United States Assessor at Los Lunas, New Mexico, was published in the Monthly Report of the United States Agricultural Department for November and December, 1866:

"I beg to direct your attention to the excellent soil and climate of this country for grape culture; any capital brought here and invested in the product of wine is sure to pay high interest. The manufacture of wine from the grape is mainly the same as described in the highly creditable report of Major W. H. Emory on the Mexican boundary, vol. 1, page 49, with the exception that several years since, a few Americans, Germans, and Frenchmen commenced making excellent wines of grapes which they annually buy from Mexican vineyard owners or from the Indians of the pueblo of Isletta.

"The wines manufactured by these persons compete with the best products of European wine-makers. The greatest difficulty encountered in the sale of wines is the scarcity of means of sending to market; but as soon as the Pacific Railroad is completed as far as New Mexico, there can be no doubt that New Mexican wines will bring the highest prices in the United States markets."

In the public document above referred to, Major Emory alludes to El Paso (latitude 30° 44', longitude 106° 29′) as one of the gardenspots of the interior of the continent. The following statements are extracted from his report:

"Whatever population may now, or hereafter, occupy the mountain system, and the plains to the east, must be dependent on mining or grazing, or the cultivation of the grape. The country must be settled by a mining and pastoral or wine-making population; and the whole legislation of Congress, directed heretofore so successfully toward the settlement of lands east of the 100th meridian of longitude, must be remodeled and re-organized to suit the new phase which life must

assume under conditions so different from those to which we are accustomed.

"Southern California, the whole of the upper valley of the Gila, and the upper valley of the del Norte as far down as the Presidio del Norte, are eminently adapted to the cultivation of the grape. In no part of the world does this luscious fruit flourish with greater luxuriance than in these regions, when properly cultivated. Those versed in the cultivation of the vine represent that all the conditions of soil, humidity, and temperature are united in these regions to produce the grape in the greatest perfection. The soil, composed of the disintegrated matter of the older rocks and volcanic ashes, is light, porous, and rich. The frosts in winter are just sufficiently severe to destroy the insects without injuring the plant, and the rain seldom falls in the season when the plant is flowering, or when the fruit is coming to maturity and liable to rot from exposure to humidity. As a consequence of this condition of things, the fruit, when ripe, has a thin skin, scarcely any pulp, and is devoid of the musky taste usual with American grapes.

"The manufacture of wine from this grape is still in a crude state. Although wine has been made for upwards of a century in El Paso, and is a very considerable article of commerce, no one of sufficient intelligence and capital to do justice to the magnificent fruit of the country has yet undertaken its manufacture. As at present made, there is no system followed, no ingenuity in mechanical contrivance praeticed, and none of those facilities exist which are usual and necessary in the manufacture of wine on a large scale; indeed, there seems to be no great desire beyond that of producing as much alcoholic matter as possible. The demand for strong alcoholic drinks has much increased with the advent of the Americans; and in proportion as this demand has increased, the wine has decreased in quality. On one occasion, I drank wine in El Paso which compared favorably with the richest Burgundy. The production of this wine must have been purely accidental, for other wine, made of the same grape, and grown in the same year, was scarcely fit to drink. Cotton and corn grow with luxuriance, where water can be brought to irrigate the soil, throughout the valleys of the Gila and Rio Bravo, and upon the lower Rio Bravo; and upon the Rio Colorado, below its junction with the Gila, sugar-cane flourishes."

FOREST TREES.-Only a small portion of the surface is covered with forests, and the country is almost entirely destitute of the hard woods. Some of the streams are fringed with cotton-wood, and pine of an inferior quality occurs on the mountains. Sycamore, ash, cedar, walnut, evergreen, oak, and willow, are found in small quantities.

CITIES AND TOWNS.-Santa Fe, the capital and largest town of New Mexico, is situated on the Rio Chicito, or Santa Fe River, an affluent of the Rio Grande, from which it is distant about twenty miles in a direct line. Latitude, 35° 41′ north; longitude about 106° 10' west. It is the great emporium of the overland trade which, since 1822, has been carried on with the State of Missouri. Each of the houses, which are principally built of dark-colored adobes, or unburnt brick, usually

forms a square, with a court within, upon which nearly all the apartments open from the street. There is generally but one entrance, which is wide and high enough to admit animals with their packs. Much of the ground in and around Santa Fe is extremely sandy, and in dry weather, when the wind is high, this is a source of great annoyance. The place is well supplied with cool water from springs within its limits, and also from fountains above the city near the mountain side. Numerous acequias, (a-sa'ke-as,) or small canals, are led through the streets, and afterward serve to irrigate the gardens and fields below the town for several miles. It stands on a plateau, which is elevated about 7,000 feet above the sea, and a short distance south-west of the base of a snow-capped mountain, which rises 5,000 feet above the level of the town. The other principal towns are Albuquerque, Socorro, and Taos. MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE.-Among the manufactures of New Mexico are blankets, serapes, and a coarse kind of carpets. There are also a number of distilleries. All the merchandise received in and sent from New Mexico is by trains of wagons. From St. Louis large trains are sent to Santa Fe with merchandise, which supplies all the northern portion of the Territory. The commerce of El Paso and of the southern portion is with San Antonio, Texas. The caravans make the northern journey in from fifty to sixty days, and the southern in forty or fifty. Sometimes, when the grass is deficient, a longer time is required.

According to the United States census of 1860, there were in New Mexico eighty-six manufacturing establishments, with a capital of $2,081,900 invested therein, consuming or using annually, including fuel, $432,000 worth of raw material, employing 949 male hands and thirty females, and manufacturing products of the yearly value of $1,165,000.

POPULATION. The aggregate population of New Mexico, including Arizona, was, by the national census of 1860, 93,516, including 10,507 taxed Indians. The population of Arizona at that time was 6,482, of whom 4,040 were taxed Indians. At an election held in 1865 in New Mexico for delegate to Congress, the total vote cast was 14,691. J. Francisco Chavez was elected delegate.

COUNTIES. The following table contains a list of the counties in New Mexico, with the aggregate population in each by the census of 1860, and the total number of votes cast in each at the election for Territorial Delegate to Congress in 1865:

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HISTORY.-New Mexico was among the earliest of the interior portions of North America visited by the Spaniards. Alvar Nunez, (Cabeça de Vaca,) with the remnant of those who accompanied Narvaez to Florida, reached New Mexico before 1537, and made report to the Viceroy of Mexico of their discoveries. An expedition under Coronado, in 1540, traversed the country north of the Gila, occupied by the Pueblo Indians, and pushed their way eastward beyond the Rio Grande to the country of the cibola, or buffalo. Coronado is the first who speaks of that animal, which he calls "a new kind of ox, wild and fierce, whereof the first day they killed fourscore, which sufficed the army with flesh." In 1581 other adventurers made known the mineral wealth of the country, which caused it to be called New Mexico. About this time Augustine Buiz, a Franciscan missionary, entered the country, and was soon afterward murdered by the Indians. Don Antonio Espejo was sent with a body of men to protect the missions. The Viceroy of Mexico also sent Juan de Onate to take formal possession of the country in the name of Spain, and establish colonies, missions, and forts. He arrived there about the year 1600. The missionaries met with great success in their efforts at the christianization of the Indians. The Pueblo Indians more readily adopted the new faith than the roving tribes; and on recently rediscovering some of these Pueblos, it was found that, though they had been without a priest for nearly a century, they had preserved many of the Christian rites and doctrines, yet strangely blended with their old religion.

Many of the natives, at the time the Spaniards took formal possession of the country at the close of the sixteenth century, were considerably advanced in civilization. They wore cotton garments of their own manufacture. Their arms were large bows and arrows, terminated with sharp-pointed stones, and long wooden swords, also armed with sharp stones. They carried shields made of the raw hides of buffaloes. Some of them lived in stone houses several stories high, with the walls ornamented with pictures, residing in the valleys and cultivating the soil. In the villages were a great many idols, and in every house a chapel dedicated to some evil genius.

Under the administration of Onate, many new missions were established, and mines were opened and worked. But the colonists enslaved the Indians and compelled them to work in the mines. The spirit of the natives revolted, and after several ineffectual attempts to free themselves from their oppressors, they finally, in 1680, drove the Spaniards out of the country, and reconquered it to themselves as far south as El Paso del Norte. The Spaniards attempted several times to regain their lost possessions, but did not succeed until 1698.

In 1846 Santa Fe was taken by the United States forces under General Kearney, who soon after conquered the whole territory from Mexico, which in 1848 ceded it to the United States by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. New Mexico was organized as a Territory of the United States on the 9th of September, 1850.

UTAH.

UTAH was originally a part of Upper California, and was ceded by Mexico to the United States in 1848 by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. It was erected into a separate Territory in 1850, but since that time its original area has been greatly reduced. It is bounded on the north by Idaho, and on the north-east by Dakota; on the east by Colorado, on the south by Arizona, and on the west by Nevada. It lies between 37° and 42° of north latitude, and 32° and 38° of longitude west from Washington. It is at present included within the following specific limits: Beginning at the intersection of the 42d° of latitude with the 33d° of longitude; thence south along said 33d meridian of longitude to the 41st of latitude; thence east on said 41st parallel of latitude to the 32d° of longitude; thence south on said 32d meridian of longitude to the 37th of latitude; thence west on said 37th parallel of latitude to the 38th of longitude; thence north on said 38th meridian of longitude to 42d° of latitude, and thence east on said 42d parallel of latitude to the place of beginning.

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Utah extends about 350 miles from north to south, and about 250 from east to west. It covers the region drained by the Great Salt Lake, and probably some 10,000 square miles besides. On the east are the Wasatch Mountains, the first of the subsidiary ranges of the Rocky Mountains, and, as it were, the eastern guard of the Salt Lake Valley, and on the west the Great Central American Desert, as it is sometimes called, forming part of the vast interior basin of this section of the North American continent, which is hemmed in by mountains on all sides; has a general elevation of 4,000 to 5,000 feet above the level of the sea, and has its own system of lakes and rivers, but no communiIcation with the ocean. The valley, or basin, of the Great Salt Lake is likewise a continent within a continent, with its own miniature salt sea, its independent chain of mountains, its distinct lakes and rivers, but with no outlet to the ocean.

The Wasatch Mountains, 10,000 feet high, and covered with perpetual snow, inclose the Salt Lake Valley on the east and south. This great branch or range of the Rocky Mountains lies south of Great Salt Lake, and under various names, passes north to the east of that lake. Toward the south-west this mountainous region is traced along the west side of the Colorado toward the Sierra Nevada, which bounds California on the east. In Utah the mountains spread over a wide district, and the ridges of the several groups run in various directions, the course of those known as the Uintah Mountains, east of Great Salt Lake, being east and west. The only drainage from these mountains into the ocean is from their east and north sides. By the Colorado, the waters are carried south-west to the head of the Gulf of California, in latitude 32° north, and by the Lewis or Snake Fork of the Colum

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