steam saw-mills, a flour-mill, a machine shop, three soap and candle factories, six breweries, two coach and wagon factories, one sash and blind factory, four brick-yards, and various other manufacturing establishments. Three daily and five weekly newspapers were published, one of which was in German and one in French. Leavenworth was founded in 1854, and contained in 1860 a population of about 10,000. It is connected with St. Joseph and Jefferson City by steamboat and railroad lines.

Lecompton, formerly the capital of Kansas, before it became a State, is situated on the Kansas River, about midway between Topeka, the State capital, and Lawrence, and 60 miles west from Westport in Missouri. It is the seat of the United States land-office, and $50,000 was appropriated by Congress to erect the Government buildings it contains.

The other principal cities and towns in Kansas are Atchison, Doniphan, Elwood, Manhattan, Ossawatomie, and Topeka, the State capital. One of the most notable places in the settlement of Kansas after its Territorial organization in 1854, is Atchison, situated in the northeastern corner of the State, on the west bank of the Missouri, and in a great bend of that river, which makes it the most western town in either Kansas or Missouri. It is about 50 miles north-east of Lawrence, 500 from St. Louis, and about 20 above Leavenworth, and the same distance from St. Joseph, the metropolis of northern Missouri. A railroad on the opposite bank of the river places Atchison in communication by rail as well as by river with St. Joseph, Leavenworth, and the important points above and below. It is the starting-point of the overland mail for the mining regions and California, and the headquarters of the stage company; and also one of the chief points on the border for the transhipment, from cars and steamboats to wagons, of goods of all sorts bound to the mines of Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Montana, etc. Nebraska City and Omaha in Nebraska, St. Joseph in Missouri, and Leavenworth and Lawrence in Kansas, are rivals of Atchison in the great business of freighting to the West; but from its local position and advantages, Atchison probably does more of the outfitting and forwarding than any other one town.

Topeka, the capital of the State, is on the south side of the Kansas River, 50 miles west of Westport, Missouri, and 25 miles west of Lawrence. It is handsomely laid out, with streets 130 feet wide, and crossing each other at right angles. It has several fine blocks of buildings, and is quite an active business place.

Fort Leavenworth, a well-known military post, is situated on the west bank of the Missouri River, three miles above Leavenworth City, 31 miles above the mouth of Kansas River, four miles below Weston, Missouri, and in latitude 39° 21', and longitude 94° 44'. This is the oldest fort in Missouri, having been established in 1827. It is the great military depot for the frontier posts, and the general rendezvous for troops proceeding to the Western forts. The fort has a fine landing for steamboats. All the buildings are well constructed, and present an imposing appearance. Here was the rendezvous of General Kearney,

in June, 1846, before his expedition to Santa Fe, and from this point started the expeditions of General Joseph Lane in 1843; Captain Stansbury to Salt Lake in 1849; the surveyors of the Central Pacific Railroad route in 1853; Colonel Fremont, for a similar purpose, in the same year, etc.

Fort Riley, established in 1853, is situated at the junction of the two main branches of the Kansas River, the Smoky Hill and Republican Forks. It is 140 miles from Fort Leavenworth, and in latitude 39° 3', and longitude 96° 24', and lies on an elevation of 926 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. It is in the midst of a fertilizing country, abounding in timber, good water, building materials, etc.

NEVADA.

"CARRY yourself," says a writer in Harper's Magazine, "carry yourself in imagination far from the centers of civilization, over weird wastes and savage wilds, to a point where the 115th degree of west longitude intersects with the 42d degree of north latitude. The head-waters of the Owyhee-there a small river or brook-are gurgling a mile or so behind you; your right foot presses the golden sands of Idaho; your left is under the spiritual jurisdiction of Brigham Young, while at your feet the unerring eye of science marks out the north-eastern corner of the new State of Nevada. Travel thence due west for a hundred miles, over rugged mountains, lofty buttes, and patches of desert and valley, and you reach the Mica Hills, glittering in the sunlight like cones of gold; thirty miles more in the same direction will bring you to the divide between the waters of the Columbia River and the Great Basin; a hundred miles more still due west, and you are in a wondrous country of petrified trees-stony finger-points of the antediluvian past-of sparkling streams, translucent lakes, high mountains, and gloomy canons. Then you have a range of granite mountains to cross, and forty or fifty miles more carries you to the north-western corner of the young State, where, in the vicinity of Nye's Lake and Roop's Lake, 7,000 feet above the level of the sea, 250 miles from the initial point, and where the 120th line of west longitude crosses the 42d parallel of north latitude, the State of Oregon stretches to the north, and Lassen County, California, faces you on the west.

"Southward thence along the 120th longitudinal line, with California on your right and Nevada on your left, pursue your course. You will need the wing of an eagle and the eye of a bee to follow this line. The somber Sierras, crowned with tresses of pine, frowning with battlements of barren rock, wrinkled with mighty canons, and set with a tiara of glittering lakes, will be your companion for hundreds of miles. You skirt the western border of Honey Lake, and pass over the center of the inland sea of the Sierras, Lake Bigler, or, as it is now called, Lake

Tahoe, from the Pahutah designation of Big Water. About thirty miles from the northern end of this lake, some ten miles from the eastern shore, at a point where the 120th line of west longitude intersects the 39th parallel of north latitude, the boundary line strikes off in a south-easterly direction, at an angle of about forty-five degrees, following the sweep of the Sierras for 200 miles to a point where the 37th parallel of north latitude intersects the 117th degree of west longitude. "Thence across a region seldom or never trod by the foot of man; along the line of desolate Arizona, with the burning sands of the distant Colorado heating the air to intensity-sixty miles-to the spot where the south-eastern corner of Nevada joins Utah and Arizona; thence 300 miles north along the Utah line to the point of commencement."

There are the boundaries of Nevada, extending 300 miles north and south and 250 miles east and west, on an elevated plateau between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains.

HISTORY. In the year 1850 Congress passed a law organizing the Territory of Utah. Within the boundaries of that Territory was the present State of Nevada. In the years 1859 and 1860 the silver mines in this region began to attract attention, and population to pour into those portions of the present State which were then known to possess valuable mines.

Besides those who crowded around the principal mines then discovered, a sparse population began to settle those valleys and favored. spots along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, which were valuable for grazing or agricultural purposes.

In the year 1854 the county of Carson was organized by the Territorial Legislature of Utah. That county embraced the greater portion of the territory of the present State of Nevada, and the inhabitants who came to work the mines found themselves in a country the only written laws of which were the United States Constitution, and such statutes enacted by the Congress of the United States as might be applicable to their situation, and the statute laws of the Mormons. The latter were not calculated to inspire much respect in a free and enlightened community. There were no statute laws of the United States applicable to the local wants and requirements of the people. It was difficult to determine what system of laws was in force among the mining population of what was then Carson County. By some it was contended that the civil law was in force there, because when the Mormons settled the Territory of Utah it was within the Mexican Republic, where the civil law prevails. Others contended that the common law was introduced into Utah, because the Mormons generally came from countries where the common law prevails; and more especially did they contend that the common law must be held to prevail in Carson County because the entire population of miners coming from California, settling in a country then almost desert, and without written law, must be held to have brought their own laws and customs with them. While the law was in this unsettled state, Congress passed an act organizing the Territory of Nevada. This act was approved March 2, 1861.

On the first day of October, 1861, the Legislative Assembly of Ne vada met at Carson City, and the first act passed by them was one adopt. ing the common law as the rule of decision in the Territory of Nevada. The Legislative Assembly then went on to pass a few private bills and a general system of laws applicable to the wants of the people. The general laws were, to a great extent, a copy of the statute laws of California. The Civil and Criminal Practice Acts were copied, with a few slight variations, from the acts on the same subject to be found in the California Statutes. Under this system the courts continued to act as long as Nevada remained a Territory.

In the year 1863, the Territorial Legislature passed an act providing for the holding of an election on the first Wednesday of September, 1863, at which the electors of the Territory were to vote for or against the adoption of a State Government, and also to elect delegates to a Convention to frame a State Constitution. If the majority of the electors voted for a State Government, then the Convention was to assemble on the first Tuesday in November, 1863, and frame a Constitution, to be submitted to the people for their ratification or rejection. The vote in September was largely in favor of a State Government. The Convention met in November and framed a Constitution, which, on being submitted to the people at an election held in January, 1864, was rejected by a decided majority.

In the month of March, 1864, Congress passed an act to enable the people of Nevada to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union on an equal footing with the original States. Under the provisions of this act, an election was held on the first Monday in June for delegates to the Constitutional Convention. The Convention assembled at Carson on the first Monday in July, and formed a Constitution, which was submitted to the people at an election held on the first Wednesday in September. The Constitution was ratified and adopted by a large majority. The President issued his proclamation on the 31st day of October, 1864, in pursuance of a provision in the enabling act, admitting Nevada as a State of the Union. Under the provisions of the newly adopted Constitution, an election took place for State officers on the 8th day of November, 1864, who were to take the oath of office on the first Monday of December, 1864.

THE STATE GOVERNMENT.-The following is a list of the State officers, chosen at the first general election in the new State of Nevada: Governor, Henry G. Blasdel; Lieutenant-Governor, who is President of the Senate and ex officio Warden of the State Prison, J. C. Crossman; Secretary of State, Chauncey N. Noteware; State Controller, A. W. Nightingill; State Treasurer, E. Rhoades; Attorney-General, George A. Nourse; Superintendent of Public Instruction, A. F. White; Surveyor-General, S. H. Marlette; Adjutant-General, John Cradlebaugh; Judges of the Supreme Court, J. F. Lewis, Chief Justice, and H. O. Beatty and C. M. Brosnan, Associate Justices.

All these officers reside in Carson City, the State capital, with the exception of the Surveyor-General, whose residence is at Virginia City.

Their salaries are as follows: Governor, $4,000; Secretary of State, State Controller, and State Treasurer, $3,600 each; Attorney-General, $2,500; Superintendent of Public Instruction and Adjutant-General, $2,000 each; Surveyor-General, $1,000; Judges of the Supreme Court, $7,000 each. The foregoing State officers all go out of office on the first Monday of January, 1867, except Judge H. O. Beatty, who holds till the first Monday of January, 1869, and Judge C. M. Brosnan, who holds till the first Monday of January, 1871. The Executive State officers hereafter elected will each hold office for four years, and the Justices of the Supreme Court hereafter elected will each hold office for six years. The Legislature of Nevada consists of a Senate, the members of which are chosen every four years, and an Assembly composed of members elected every two years. The State Constitution directs that the Legislature shall hold biennial sessions, commencing on the first Monday of January, 1865.

The general election is held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November. Every white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years of age, having actually resided in the State six months and in the district or county thirty days, is entitled to vote at any elec

tion.

The judicial power of the State is vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, and Justices of the Peace. The Legislature may establish courts in incorporated cities and towns, for municipal purposes only. The Supreme Court holds its terms at the State capital. The first volume of its reports, containing its decisions in 1865, has been already published.

Under the Territorial regimen, there were nine judicial districts. The State Legislature, by an act approved February 27, 1866, re-districted the State, making eight judicial districts, and assigning one judge to each. The ten organized counties in the State were distributed among the several districts as follows, the courts to be held at the county towns: The First District comprised Storey County; the Second, the counties of Ormsby and Douglas; the Third, the counties of Washoe and Roop-the latter not organized, but attached to Washoe County for all governmental and judicial purposes; the Fourth District embraced Lyon County; the Fifth, Humboldt; the Sixth, Lander; the Seventh, Nye and Churchill Counties, and the Eighth, Esmeralda County.

The salary of the Judge in the First District is $7,000; in the Second, $5,000; in the Third, $5,000; in the Fourth, $4,500; in the Fifth, $3,200; in the Sixth, $5,000; in the Seventh, $3,600, and in the Eighth, $3,000.

The Great Seal of the State of Nevada, has, by an act of the Legislature approved February 24, 1866, the following design:

In the foreground two large mountains, at the base of which, on the right, is located a quartz-mill, and on the left, a tunnel penetrating the silver leads of the mountain, with a miner running out a car load of ore, and a team loaded with ore for the mill. Immediately in the foreground are emblems indicative of the agricultural resources of the State, as a plow, a sheaf, and sickle. In the middle ground, is seen a train