There are also a number of female seminaries, the largest of which was attended in 1860 by above 450 pupils. About 12 newspapers were published here, five or six of which were dailies. The mineral cabinet of the late Dr. Troost contained the largest private collection in the United States. The city is lighted with gas, and supplied with water raised from the Cumberland River. Nashville has expended large sums in the construction of macadamized turnpikes, eight of which radiate in different directions. The river is navigated during high water by large steamboats from its mouth to this point, and a number of splendid packets are owned here. The shipping of the port, June 30, 1859, amounted to an aggregate of 5,120 tons, enrolled and licensed. This city is the center of an active trade and the seat of manufactures of various kinds. Nashville is the terminus of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, 150 miles long, which was finished in 1852, at an expense of about $3,000,000. The road is built in a very substantial manner, and completes the connection with Charleston and Savannah. The construction of this railroad greatly enhanced the value of property, and gave vigorous impulse to the prosperity and improvement of the place. Other railroads have been constructed, which connect this city with Louisville, Memphis, New Orleans, etc. There are five important railroads radiating from Nashville, viz.: the Tennessee and Alabama, Louisville and Nashville, Edgefield and Kentucky, Nashville and Chattanooga, and the Nashville and North-western.

There were in 1860 two fine bridges over the Cumberland River at this point; one a railroad bridge of wood, with an immense draw of 280 feet, and two stationary spans, each of 200 feet, was finished in 1859 at a cost of $240,000; the other a wire suspension bridge of more than 700 feet span, and 110 feet above the water, was begun in 1850, and cost about $100,000. A public school system went into operation in Nashville in 1855, and in 1860 there were three large schools, with an aggregate attendance of 2,000 pupils. The principal benevolent institutions were the City Hospital, Protestant and Catholic Asylums, House of Industry, Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, a workhouse, established in 1859, and the Tennessee Asylum for the Blind, founded in 1844. The number of prisoners in the State Penitentiary, on the 30th of September, 1865, was 182, of whom 103 had been convicted by the civil, and 79 by the military authorities. There were in Nashville in 1860, 27 churches, including a Roman Catholic Cathedral, eight banks, a savings bank, three insurance companies, and several large hotels, one of which, the Maxwell House, then building, would accommodate 600 guests. The average annual shipments from the port of Nashville were put down in 1860 at 30,000 bales of cotton, 6,000 hogsheads of tobacco, 2,000,000 bushels of wheat, 6,000,000 of Indian corn, 10,000 casks of bacon, 25,000 hogs, and 2,500 tierces of lard. The neighborhood is a famous stock-raising country, and has a high reputation for blood-horses, jackasses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, and Cashmere goats. The leading business of the city is dry goods, hardware, drugs and groceries. Book publishing was recently carried on in Nashville more extensively than in any other western town, and the

publishing house of the Southern Methodist Conference was one of the largest book manufactories in the United States. There were in the city in 1860 three flour mills, and eight or ten planing mills, and about the same number of machine shops. The value of the taxable property was about $15,000,000.

The State Lunatic Asylum is seven miles from the city, and twelve miles east is the Hermitage, the celebrated residence of Andrew Jackson. The first permanent settlement at Nashville was made in 1779-80; the town was incorporated in 1784; received a city charter in 1806, and was made the State Capital in 1812.

Memphis, a flourishing city, and port of entry of Shelby County, is beautifully situated on the Mississippi River, just below the mouth of Wolf River, and on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff, 420 miles below St. Louis, and 209 miles west-south-west of Nashville. It is the most populous and important town on the river between St. Louis and New Orleans, and occupies the only eligible site for a commercial depot from the mouth of the Ohio to Visksburg, a distance of 650 miles. The bluff on which it stands is elevated about 30 feet above the highest floods, and its base is washed by the river for a distance of 3 miles, while a bed of sandstone projects into the stream and forms a convenient landing. The appearance of Memphis from the river is remarkably fine. An esplanade several hundred feet wide extends along the bluff in front of the town, and is bordered with blocks of large warehouses. The city is handsomely laid out, and adorned with many elegant private residences. It had, in 1855, a population of 16,000; in 1860 it reached over 22,000. It had, at the latter date, fifteen churches, three seminaries for young ladies, several academies, an orphan asylum, two medical colleges, five daily and three weekly newspapers, seven banks, and seven insurance offices. Its public schools numbered 1,682 pupils. Its shipments of cotton for the year ending September 1, 1860, amounted to about 400,000 bales. At that time it contained an oil factory, a car and wagon factory, a steam boiler factory, and three iron foundries. The city is entered by the Memphis and Charleston, the Memphis and New Orleans, the Memphis and Ohio, and the Memphis and Little Rock railroads. Memphis was laid out in 1820.

Knoxville, a flourishing city, capital of Knox County, and formerly the seat of the State government, is beautifully situated on the right bank of the Holston River, 4 miles below its confluence with the French Broad River, 185 miles east of Nashville, and 204 miles southeast of Lexington, Kentucky. The situation is elevated and healthy, commanding a beautiful view of the river, and the Blue Mountains of Chilhowee, some 30 miles distant. The river is navigable for steamboats at all seasons, from this point downward, and during the winter and spring they extend their trips up the river as far as Kingsport. This region, however, is not dependent on the river for the means of transportation. Knoxville is the place of junction of the East Tennessee and Georgia, and the East Tennessee and Virginia railroads. It is the principal commercial center in East Tennessee. It contains the State Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, and the University of East Tennessee,

founded in 1806. It had, in 1860, three academies, six churches, four newspaper offices, three banks, a large car factory, a flouring mill, and an extensive manufactory of glass.

Knoxville was settled in 1789, and was named in honor of General Henry Knox, Secretary of War under President Washington. It became the capital of the Territory in 1794, and was the seat of the Territorial, and afterward of the State government, until the latter was removed to Murfreesboro, in 1817.

Chattanooga is situated on the Tennessee River, 250 miles by water below Knoxville, and 140 miles south-east of Nashville. It is the terminus of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, and of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which connects it with the chief towns of Georgia. The Tennessee River is navigable by steam during about eight months in the year, and by small boats at all times. These circumstances render Chattanooga one of the most important and flourishing towns of the State. After the completion of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, in 1850, the population increased at a rapid rate. The surplus productions of East Tennessee, and part of Middle Tennessee, are mostly shipped from this point. The surrounding region is liberally supplied with water-power and timber, and the hills contain abundance of stone-coal and iron ore.

Columbia, a beautiful and thriving town, capital of Maury County, is on the left bank of Duck River, 41 miles south-by-west of Nashville. The surrounding country is populous and highly productive. The town has considerable trade, and is distinguished by the excellence of its schools. It is the seat of Jackson College, and of three female seminaries. The Columbia Female Institute is a splendid structure, surrounded with beautiful grounds. Columbia was the residence of President Polk previous to his election in 1844.

Murfreesboro, a handsome city, and capital of Rutherford County, is on the railroad from Nashville to Charleston, in South Carolina, 30 miles south-east of Nashville. It is situated in a beautiful plain, surrounded by a healthy and fertile country. The Union University at this place is a flourishing institution, founded by the Baptists, in 1841. There is also a female institute, under the direction of the Baptists, Soule Methodist Female College, founded in 1852, and there were, in 1860, two high-schools and a military institute. The town of Murfreesboro was established in 1811, and incorporated in 1817. From its incorporation, it was the capital of the State until 1827, when the seat of government was removed to Nashville.

GOVERNMENT. By the Constitution of Tennessee, adopted in 1835, the Governor is elected by popular vote for two years, and the Legislature consists of a Senate of 25 members, and a House of Representatives of 75 members. The Legislature meets biennially on the first Monday in October in the odd years. The Secretary of State, Treasurer, Controller, and Attorney-General are chosen by the Legislature on joint ballot-the first-named for four and the others for two years. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court of three judges, elected by the people for eight years, and sixteen Circuit Judges and six

Chancellors of the Court of Chancery, also elected by the people for eight years. There are three special courts-the Criminal Court of Davidson County, in which Nashville is situated, the Criminal Court of the city of Memphis, and the Common Law and Chancery Court of the same city.

STATE BONDS.-The issues of Tennessee include $3,347,340 of Improvement Bonds, bearing five per cent. interest, $2,115,400 of Improvement Bonds, bearing six per cent. interest, and $13,911,900 of Railroad Bonds, known as Long Bonds," also six per cents. The debt itself is classified under different heads, and the following shows the total amount of each, and interest due to January 1, 1866:

66

By an act of the State Legislature, passed November 3, 1865, the Governor of the State was authorized to issue the Six-per-cent. Coupon Bonds of the State, bearing date January 1, 1866, and payable January 1, 1892, to an amount sufficient to pay off all the bonds and interest past due, as well as that to fall due January 1, 1866, or bonds that might fall due in 1867, said bonds to be similar in every respect to the bonds issued under the act of February 11, 1852, and the acts amendatory thereof. This issue is known on the market as the "New Bonds."

MINERALS, MINERAL SPRINGS, ETC.-Gold has been found in the south-east part of the State. Among the other metallic minerals are iron in abundance, and in East and Middle Tennessee some lead, especially in Carter County, silver, zinc, manganese, and magnetic iron ore. Of the earthy minerals, coal, the most abundant and valuable, is found in large quantities in the counties among the Cumberland Mountains, and covering an area, according to Taylor, of 4,300 square miles. There is also gypsum of a fine quality, beautiful varieties of marble, niter, slate, (suitable for roofing,) alum, burr-stones, and limestone, which forms the bed of a large portion of the State. Salt springs exist, but not of a very rich quality; there are also some valuable mineral springs. The iron business has attracted the attention of capitalists. Rich deposits of copper are found in the south-east part of Tennessee, in Polk and Monroe Counties, which have been extensively worked.

THE MEMPHIS AND CHARLESTON RAILROAD.-The Memphis and Charleston Railroad, from its geographical position and direction, and from its eastern connections, continuing it to the great Atlantic ports, from Alexandria to Savannah inclusive, is evidently one of the most important lines of transit in the States south of the Ohio River. Commencing at Memphis, it traverses South-western Tennessee; then passing south into Mississippi, striking Corinth, and thence eastward

through Alabama, via Tuscumbia, Decatur, and Huntsville to Stevenson, where it connects with the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, a distance from Memphis of 272 miles; thence it is continued to Chattanooga by the latter road a further distance of 37 miles. As is well known, this latter point is the most important between the Mississippi and the seaboard, being a grand center of converging railroads, which come in from Alexandria, Richmond, Charleston, and Savannah. At Memphis the road is connected with the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad, nearly completed to the capital of Arkansas. At Moscow it gives the Somerville branch of 14 miles. At Grand Junction, 52 miles east of Memphis, it is crossed by the Mississippi Central Railroad; at Corinth, 93 miles east, by the Mobile and Ohio Railroad; and at Decatur, 188 miles east, by the Nashville and Decatur Railroad, etc. There is also a branch from Tuscumbia to Florence. Thus, in whatever direction, whether looking east, west, north or south, we find the road connected or intersected by the most important lines of the country, reaching with their combinations from the lakes to the gulf, and from the Atlantic to the far interior.

INDIANA.

INDIANA, the nineteenth State of the American Union, was first settled at Vincennes, by a French colony, in the year 1730. It was the second State formed of the great North-western Territory. It was admitted into the Union December 11, 1816, having adopted a Constitution on the 29th of June of that year, which was revised and amended in 1851. It is bounded on the north by Lake Michigan and the State of Michigan, on the east by the State of Ohio, on the south by the Ohio River, separating it from the State of Kentucky, and on the west by Illinois, from which it is partly separated by the Wabash River. It lies between 37° 41′ and 41° 52′ north latitude, being about 275 miles in its greatest length from north to south, and about 135 miles in width, forming nearly a parallelogram, and including an area of 33,809 square miles, or 21,637,760 acres, fully two-thirds of which is yet virgin soil of the most fertile and productive character. Compared with the other States of the Union, by the census of 1860, Indiana is the 25th in extent of area, the 6th in population, the 10th in density of population. From these facts may be inferred the capacity of the State for sustaining a dense population-equal, beyond doubt, to any number that may seek domicil there in all coming time.

FACE OF THE COUNTRY.-The general face of the country is level, or but gently undulated. There are no mountains in Indiana, though the portion of the State south of White River is somewhat hilly and rugged. A ridge of low hills trends from Kentucky in a north-west direction, beyond the Ohio, White, and Wabash Rivers, producing