was under command of Swen Schute, and Fort Christina under Governor Rysingh in person. The surrender of Casimir was demanded by Stuyvesant as the property of the Dutch. Schute held out until the following day, when, having had an interview with Rysingh, and seeing that resistance was useless, capitulated upon honorable terms. At Christina Rysingh decided to offer resistance, and, accordingly, Stuyvesant determined upon its reduction by siege, which, after an investment of fourteen days, was also surrendered, even more favorable terms being accorded to the garrison than to that at Casimir. The conduct of the Dutch troops during the continuance of the siege, and after the capitulation, was most inhuman. The laws of civilized warfare were set at naught. According to the remonstrance of Rysingh, Stuyvesant's men "acted as if they had been on the lands of their inveterate enemy," plundering the Swedish villages, and at Fort Christina violently tearing women from their houses, destroying buildings, and butchering, day after day, oxen, cows, swine, and other creatures: "Even the horses were not spared, but wantonly shot, the plantations destroyed, and the whole country left so desolate that scarce any means are remaining for the subsistence of the inhabitants." "The flower of their troops [Swedish] were picked out and sent to New Amsterdam, under the pretext of their free choice, being forcibly carried on board their ships."

Stuyvesant determined to make thorough work, and succeeded well in his purpose. The Swedes and Finns who desired to remain were required to take an oath of allegiance to the Dutch power, and even those who chose to return to the mother country were obliged to take a like oath, to be binding until their departure.

Thus ended the power of the Swedish arms in the New World. It had been maintained from 1638 to 1655, a period of a little more than seventeen years. "The descendants of these colonists," says Bancroft, "in the course of generations, widely scattered and blended with emigrants of other lineage, constitute probably more than one part in two hun

dred of the present population of the country. At the surrender, they did not much exceed seven hundred souls. Free from ambition, ignorant of the ideas which were convulsing the English mind, it was only as Protestants that they shared the impulse of the age. They cherished the calm earnestness of religious feeling; they reverenced the bonds of family and the purity of morals; their children, under every disadvantage of want of teachers and of Swedish books, were well instructed. With the natives they preserved peace. A love for Sweden, their dear mother country, the abiding sentiment of loyalty towards its sovereign, continued to distinguish the little band; at Stockholm, they remained for a century the objects of a disinterested and generous regard; affection united them in the New World; and a part of their descendants still preserve their altar and their dwellings, around the graves of their fathers." Of the Dutch, who were now in full possession, he says: "They sounded with exultation the channel of the deep stream, which was no longer shared with the Swedes; they counted with delight its many lovely runs of water, on which the beaver built his villages; and the great travelers who had visited every continent, as they ascended the Delaware, declared it one of the noblest rivers in the world. Its banks were more inviting than the lands on the Amazon."

PETER

CHAPTER III.

DUTCH RULE, 1655–64.

ETER STUYVESANT, 1655-64.-DERCK SMIDT, 1655. Scarcely had his operations upon the Delaware been concluded, when Stuyvesant was summoned home in great haste to defend his possessions upon the Hudson, the Indians having risen in the absence of the Governor and the military, massacred and carried away into captivity large numbers of the helpless and unoffending settlers, and laid their habitations in ruins. Leaving Derck Smidt — who had been sent as the herald from the fleet to demand the surrender of Fort Casimir-as Schout-Fiscal and chief agent of the Dutch in the conquered province, Stuyvesant hastened away with all his force to punish the savages and restore his authority at home.

JOHN PAUL JACQUET, 1655-57. — On the 29th of November, John Paul Jacquet was appointed vice-Director of the entire settlements upon the Delaware, with the seat of government at Fort Casimir. A council was given him, consisting of Andreas Hudde, secretary, surveyor, and keeper of the keys of the Fort, Elmerhuysen Klein, commissary, and two of the most expert freemen to constitute a court for the trial of civil causes. Two sergeants were to take the place of the two freemen in the trial of military offenders. In March following, the Swedish ship Mercury arrived with one hundred and thirty emigrants, the authorities in Sweden having had no intimation of the conquest of their colony at the time of sailing. The ship was not allowed to pass Fort Casimir, and its commander was referred to Director-General

Stuyvesant at Manhattan. To him application was accordingly made for permission to ascend and land the passengers; but Stuyvesant refused his assent, and ordered it to be brought at once to Manhattan. In the meantime, a party of Swedes and Indians boarded the vessel, and, running past the fort, landed the passengers, who settled and were absorbed in the colony. Pappegoya, the son-in-law of Printz, was of the number. The armed vessel Balance was dispatched by Stuyvesant to bring the Mercury to New Amsterdam, where the commander was permitted to discharge his cargo.

JACOB ALRICHS, 1657-59.-COLONY OF CITY.-The expense of fitting out the expedition for the reduction of New Sweden was considerable, and had become a heavy burden to the Company. The city of Amsterdam had loaned a part of the money thus used; and to settle that claim, the Company sold to the city, for the sum of seven hundred thousand gilders, all that tract of land on the south bank of the Delaware, reaching from the east side of Christina Creek to the ocean, and extending back into the country to the lands of the Minquas. This sale was ratified by the States-General on the 16th of August, 1656, and the territory thus ceded was designated Nieuer Amstel. The government of this colony was vested in forty commissioners, to reside in the city of Amsterdam, by whom Jacob Alrichs was appointed Director. Forty soldiers, under command of Captain Martin Krygier and Lt. Alexander D'Hinoyossa, and one hundred and fifty emigrants, were sent in three small vessels to the colony. Upon his arrival, Alrichs appointed Andreas Hudde to the command of Fort Christina, now called Altona, and of New Gottenburg; and upon his assumption of power, the authority of Jacquet ceased.

GERAN VAN DYCK, 1657-58.-COLONY OF COMPANY.Over the Swedes and Finns, who dwelt above the limits of the city's colony, Goran Van Dyck was appointed to exercise authority, with the title of Schout-Fiscal. By his sugges

tion, Stuyvesant, under whose orders he acted, issued a proclamation inviting the Swedes to abandon their scattered habitations, and assemble themselves together in one village. This request was not acceded to; and the proposition to compel obedience to the mandate was abandoned, on the suggestion of the successor to Van Dyck, who had discovered that it would be a great hardship to force these settlers from the lands which they had subdued and brought under cultivation, and from the humble habitations which had become endeared to them by the struggles they had endured to obtain them.

"Evert Pieterson," says Smith, in his history of Delaware County, "who held the office of schoolmaster, comforter of the sick, and setter of the psalms, in the City Colony, writes to the commissioners that, upon his arrival in April, he found but twenty families in Nieuer Amstel, all Swedes except five or six families. He appears to have been a man of observation, and suggests our black-walnut timber for making gun-stocks; requests that inquiries be made of the gunsmiths in respect to its value, and in what shape it should be cut. In August he had a school of twenty-five children. This is the first school established on the river of which we have any account."

The governors of both city and company colonies seem to have been still under the supervision of General Director Stuyvesant; for we find both Alrichs and Van Dyck communicating with him, and seeking his advice and direction. Stuyvesant visited the colony in 1658, being drawn thither by the conflicts of authority between the two vice-governors, and by the fact that many things connected with the trade of the colony needed a careful inspection. He was met by Van Dyck and the leading Swedish citizens, who renewed their oaths of allegiance, and made known their complaints and wants.

WILLIAM BEEKMAN, 1658-63.-COLONY OF COMPANY. Stuyvesant's chief purpose in visiting the colony seems to