letters "C. R. S.," and the ships, well laden with furs, had been dispatched for Sweden.

Minuit remained with his infant colony, and to his enterprise and skill was it due that the settlers were kept together and successfully protected against both savage and civilized foes. The Dutch were occupying Fort Nassau when the Swedes arrived in the river, and continued to hold it for the purpose of barter; but the arts of Minuit soon triumphed over the traders from Manhattan, Governor Kieft complaining to his masters soon after, that his trade had fallen off full thirty thousand beavers.

For more than a year the Christina colonists had no aid nor intelligence from their former homes, and they at length began to be in want. So pressing had their necessities finally become, that they had made overtures to the authorities at Manhattan for permission to remove thither; but on the day before this removal was to have taken place, early in the year 1640, a ship, richly laden with cattle and provisions, opportunely arrived upon the Delaware, and saved them the loss and humiliation of giving up their settlement. Minuit governed the colony for nearly three years with singular success, avoiding hostile encounters with the natives, and with the Dutch who claimed the soil, and finally died in the midst of the colony which he had planted.

PETER HOLLANDAER, 1641-43.- Peter Hollandaer, a Swede, was commissioned by the home government as Governor of New Sweden, in 1641. He had previously sailed with the colonists who had been sent to reinforce the original settlers. At about this time attempts were made by parties of English, from the New England and Virginia colonies, to get a foothold upon the Delaware. A party from Connecticut, sailing under command of Robert Cogswell, had planted themselves at the mouth of Salem Creek, near the present site of Salem, N. J. Another company had boldly sailed up past Fort Nassau, and without any commission of a potentate had made a beginning of settlement on the Schuylkill.

These audacious intrusions were regarded by the authorities at New Amsterdam as intolerable indignities, and Jan Jansen Van Ilpendam was sent with two vessels and a hostile force to dispossess them. The intruders on the Schuylkill were routed, their fort destroyed, and themselves roughly handled. The party at Salem Creek was also driven away, the Swedes at Christina lending a helping hand.

JOHN PRINTZ, 1643-53. After holding authority for about a year and a half, Hollandaer was succeeded by John Printz, who, in addition to the usual commission, received minute instructions for his guidance, dated August 15th, 1642, at Stockholm. He was, first of all, to maintain friendly relations with the Indians, and by the advantage of low prices, hold their trade. His next care was to cultivate enough grain for the wants of the colonists, and, when this was insured, turn his attention to the culture of tobacco, the raising of cattle and sheep, especially sheep of a good species, the culture of the grape, and the raising of silk-worms. The manufacture of salt by evaporation, and the search for metals and minerals, were to be prosecuted, and an inquiry into the establishment of fisheries, with a view to profit, especially the whale fishery, was to be made. Sailing from Gottenburg, on the 1st of Nov., 1642, in the Stoork and Renown, the new Governor and a strong party of settlers, after a tedious voyage, arrived at Fort Christina, on the 15th of Feb., 1643. Printz was a military man, having been Lieutenant-Colonel of cavalry, and at once detected the weakness of the fort for commanding the navigation of the river. He accordingly selected a site for a new fort on the island of Tinicum, which he at once proceeded to erect. Here, also, he built for himself a palace suited to his rank, in the midst of orchards and pleasure grounds, the bricks used in its construction having been brought from Stockholm. These bricks, of a pale-yellow color, and quite small, are still found in the neighborhood. The fort, which was called New Gottenburg, was built of "grænen logs," and made quite strong. Printz

also erected a fort called Elsinborg, near the mouth of Salem Creek, which he garrisoned with a lieutenant and twelve men, and on which were mounted eight brass twelvepounders. All ships ascending the river were obliged to lie to, lower their colors, and secure a permit from the Governor before they were allowed to proceed.

Towards the close of the year 1643, John Pappegoya, who had previously been upon the Delaware, but had returned to Sweden, and who appears to have been a favorite at court, received from the Queen and her council, a letter dated at Stockholm on the 2d of November, 1643, commending him to Governor Printz, and requesting that he be "graciously employed in order to his advancement." This request was promptly accorded, Pappegoya marrying the Governor's daughter, and himself becoming Lieutenant-Governor of the province. The Minquas Indians, a tribe of the Five Nations who dwelt upon the Conestoga, possessed of great enterprise and skill in trapping for furs, brought by far the most lucrative trade to the Europeans. This the Swedes had monopolized. Indeed, the western bank of the Delaware, and its tributary, the Schuylkill, were exclusively claimed by them, and though Fort Elsenborg had been built upon the opposite bank, the titles to lands upon the western side had always been regarded as of especial binding force. Van Ilpendam,. who had been sent by Kieft to drive away the English upon the Delaware, and who had remained at Fort Nassau as Commissary or vice-Director, having forfeited the confidence of Governor Kieft, was recalled, and Andreas Hudde was appointed to exercise authority in his place. Hudde seems to have been a man singularly discreet and politic, and to have adopted the instructions given by the ministers of Christina. to Printz," to work underhand as much as possible with good. manners and success." Conflict of authority frequently arose between these two vicegerents of power as they faced each other from opposite sides of the stream, in which vigorous remonstrances and sharp protests passed between Tinicum and Nassau; but beyond this exchange of harmless paper

missiles, the war was rarely carried. Under the vigilant and crafty policy of Hudde, the Dutch began gradually to push settlements upon the west shore. Land near the mouth of the Schuylkill, now the site of the city of Philadelphia, was acquired of the Indians, and a fort erected thereon. Printz, to show his contempt for this encroachment upon his dominions, immediately built a large frame building in its front, in close proximity, so as to cut off its command of the river. Hudde, believing in the policy of hold-fast, paid little attention to this indignity; but quietly exercised all his arts to acquire favor with the Indians, and to secure possession of their lands.

PETER STUYVESANT, 1647-64.-On the 27th of May, 1647, Peter Stuyvesant succeeded to the supreme directorship of New Netherland. Upon his assumption of power he found the integrity of his dominions threatened on all sides. New England was pushing him upon the north and east, and the Swedes upon the south. To maintain undiminished his territory, he had need for all his executive ability. Commissary Hudde was retained upon the Delaware, and by his constant vigilance kept his master well informed of all that was passing in his viceroyalty. He complains of constant aggressions and annoyances on the part of the Swedes, but these were doubtless mutual; for the Dutch had evidently determined to gradually envelop and circumscribe the dominions of the Swedes until they should be compelled to yield to the Dutch power.

This is foreshadowed in the recommendation of Stuyvesant to the West India Company, to plant a colony at Swanendael, another on the east side of the bay, and a third at the Company's redoubt at Beversreede. To discover what titles the Swedes had to lands upon the Delaware, Stuyvesant, in 1651, sailed thither, and opened negotiations with Printz, at first in writing, and finally in person, when the question as to titles was propounded. Printz, without producing any records, drew up a writing in which he made "the Swedish limits

wide enough." But this failed to satisfy Stuyvesant, who characterized it as a subterfuge, and adduced what he regarded as plain proof of his allegation. Numerous complaints, and claims of indemnity for losses sustained by lawless conduct of the Swedes, were presented to the Governor during his stay. Determined to put an end to these troubles, Stuyvesant having acquired title from the Indians to lands south of Fort Christina, proceeded to erect a new fort on commanding ground, the site of the present town of New Castle, which he called Fort Casimir; whereupon Fort Nassau was abandoned and destroyed as of no further value. Printz protested against this encroachment upon lands claimed by the Swedes; but beyond protests he seems to have meditated no more hostile demonstration; for before the departure of Stuyvesant, the two Governors had friendly conference, in which "they mutually promised not to commit any hostile or vexatious acts against one another, but to maintain together all neighborly friendship and correspondence, as good friends and allies are bound to do."

- JOHN PAPPEGOYA, 1653-54. - The Dutch Fort Casimir rendered the Swedish Fort Elsinborg, which had been relied on to command the navigation of the river, useless, and it was accordingly abandoned; but on the plea that it had become uninhabitable on account of the mosquitoes, which swarmed about it like a resistless plague. Governor Printz, having by this time, doubtless, discovered that he had been overreached by the crafty Hudde and the headstrong Peter Stuyvesant, and that his power was fast waning, asked to be relieved of the government of the colony. Without awaiting the answer of the Queen, Printz set sail for Sweden in October, 1653, leaving his son-in-law, Pappegoya, in chief authority. Printz's administration was anything but successful. He seems to have come to America with the expectation of holding court in the New World with all the formality and insignia of royalty preserved by the petty potentates of Europe. He is represented by De Vries, who came in a ship from