great knowledge in mechanics, v. 82. Forms the design of the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, 84. Anthony, St. father of the Egyptian monks, his history, iv. 372. Anthropormorphites, among the early Christians, personifiers of the Deity, vi. 8. Antioch, taken and destroyed by Sapor king of Persia, i. 304. Flourishing state of the Christian church there, in the reign of Theodosius, ii. 123.
-, History of the body of St. Babylas, bishop of, iii. 161. The cathedral of, shut up, and its wealth confiscated by the emperor Julian, 162. Licentious manners of the citizens, 176. Popular discontents during the residence of Ju- lian there, 178.
Sedition there, against the empe- ror Theodosius, iii. 427. The city par- doned, 430.
―, Is taken, and ruined, by Chosroes king of Persia, v. 224. Great destruc- tion there by an earthquake, 297. Is again seized by Chosroes II. 454.
Is reduced by the Saracens, and ransomed, vi. 351. Is recovered by the Greeks, 466.
-, Besieged and taken by the first crusaders, vii. 233.
Antonina, the wife of Belisarius, her cha- racter, v. 118. Examines and con- victs pope Sylverius of treachery, 171. Her activity during the siege of Rome, 173. Her secret history, 187. Founds a convent for her retreat, 290. Antoninus, a Roman refugee at the court of Sapor king of Persia, stimulates him to an invasion of the Roman pro- vinces, ii. 361.
Antoninus Pius, his character and that of Hadrian compared, i. 8. Is adopted by Hadrian, 86.
Antoninus Marcus, his defensive wars, i. 10. Is adopted by Pius at the instance of Hadrian, 86. His character, 94. His war against the united Germans, 265. Suspicious story of his edict in favour of the Christians, ii. 182. Aper, Arrius, prætorian præfect, and fa- ther-in-law to the emperor Numerian, is killed by Diocletian as the presump- tive murderer of that prince, i. 392. Apharban, the Persian, his embassy from Narses king of Persia, to the emperor Galerius, i. 420. Apocalypse, why now admitted into the canon of the Scriptures, ii. 84. note. Apocaucus, admiral of Constantinople, his confederacy against John Cantacu- zene, vii. 433. His death, 437.
Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea, his hypo- thesis of the divine incarnation of Jesus Christ, vi. 9.
Apollinaris, patriarch of Alexandria, but- chers his flock in defence of the Ca- tholic doctrine of the incarnation, vi. 68. Apollonius of Tyana, his doubtful charac- ter, i. 343. note.
Apotheosis of the Roman emperors, how this custom was introduced, i. 78. Apsimar dethrones Leontius emperor of Constantinople, and usurps his place, vi. 89.
Apulia, is conquered by the Normans, vii. 111. Is confirmed to them by papal grant, 116.
Aquileia, besieged by the emperor Maxi- min, i. 205. Is taken and destroyed by Attila king of the Huns, iv. 292. Aquitain, is settled by the Goths, under their king Wallia, iv. 156. Is con- quered by Clovis king of the Franks, iv. 438.
Arabia, its situation, soil, and climate, vi. 221. Its division into the Sandy, the Stony, and the Happy, 223. The pas- toral Arabs, ib. Their horses and ca- mels, 224, 225. Cities of, 226. Man- ners and customs of the Arabs, 227. Their language, 234. Their benevo- lence, 236. History and description of the Caaba of Mecca, 238. Reli- gions, 241. Life and doctrine of Ma- homet, 243. Conquest of, by Maho- met, 280. Character of the caliphs, 312. Rapid conquests of, 314. Lim- its of their conquests, 408. Three ca- liphs established, 430. Introduction of learning among the Arabians, 434. Their progress in the sciences, 436. Their literary deficiencies, 440. De- cline and fall of the caliphs, 458. Arbetio, a veteran under Constantine the
Great, leaves his retirement to oppose the usurper Procopius, iii. 250. Arbogastes, the Frank, his military pro- motion under Theodosius in Gaul, and conspiracy against Valentinian the Younger, iii. 440. Is defeated by The- odosius, and kills himself, 445. Arcadius, son of the emperor Theodosius, succeeds to the empire of the East, iv. 1. His magnificence, 166. Extent of his deminions, 167. Administra- tion of his favourite eunuch Eutropius, 168.
His cruel law against treason, 173. Signs the condemnation of Eu- tropius, 178. His interview with the revolters Tribigild and Gainas, 180. His death, and supposed testament, 193.
Architecture, Roman, the general mag-
nificence of, indicated by the existing ruins, i. 49.
Ardaburius, his expedition to Italy, to re- duce the usurper John, iv. 209. Argonauts, the object of their expedition to Colchos, v. 230.
Ariadne, daughter of the emperor Leo, and wife of Zeno, her character, and marriage afterward with Anastasius, v. 5.
Arii, a tribe of the Lygians, their terrific
mode of waging war, i. 370. Arinthæus, is appointed general of the horse by the emperor Julian on his Per- sian expedition, in 189. Distinguishes himself against the usurper Procopius,
Ariovistus, seizes two-thirds of the lands of the Sequani in Gaul, for himself and his German followers, iv. 450.
Aristobulus, principal minister of the house of Carus, is received into confidence by the emperor Diocletian, i. 396. Aristotle, his logic better adapted to the detection of error, than for the disco- very of truth, vi. 438.
Arius, is excommunicated for heretical notions concerning the Trinity, iii. 17. Strength of his party, ibid. His opi- nions examined in the council of Nice, 20. Account of Arian sects, 24. Coun- cil of Rimini, 28. His banishment and recall, 31. His suspicious death, 32.
The Arians persecute the Cathol- ics in Africa, iv. 399. Armenia, is seized by Sapor king of Per- sia, i. 302. Tiridates restored, 412. He is again expelled by the Persians, 416. Is resigned to Tiridates by treaty be tween the Romans and Persians, 423. -, Is rendered tributary to Persia, on the death of Tiridates, ii. 315. Char-
acter of Arsaces Tiranus, king of, and his conduct toward the emperor Ju- lian, iii. 185. Is reduced by Sapor to a Persian province, 294.
-, Its distractions and division between the Persians and the Romans, iv. 204. - History of Christianity there, vi. 65.
Armies of the Eastern empire, state of,
under the emperor Maurice, v. 442. Armorica, the provinces of, form a free government independent of the Ro- mans, iv. 159. Submits to Clovis king of the Franks, 428. Settlement of Bri- tons in, 474.
Armour, defensive, is laid aside by the Romans, and adopted by the Barbari- ans, iii. 448.
Arnold of Brescia, his heresy, and history, viii.
Arragon, derivation of the name of that province, i. 22. note.
Arrian, his visit to, and description of, Colchos, v. 234.
Arsaces Tiranus, king of Armenia, his character, and disaffection to the em- peror Julian, iii 185. Withdraws his troops treacherously from the Roman service, 206. His disastrous end, 294. Arsenius, patriarch of Constantinople, ex- communicates the emperor Michael Palæologus, vii. 403. Faction of the Arsenites, 404.
Artaban, king of Parthia, is defeated and slain by Artaxerxes king of Persia, i.
Artaban, his conspiracy against the em- peror Justinian, v. 267. Is intrusted with the conduct of the armament sent to Italy, 270 Artasires, king of Armenia, is deposed by the Persians at the instigation of his own subjects, iv. 206.
Artavasdes, his revolt against the Greek emperor Constantine V. at Constanti- nople, vi. 162.
Artaxerxes, restores the Persian monar- chy, i. 221. Prohibits every worship but that of Zoroaster, 228. His war with the Romans, 234. His character and maxim's, 237.
Artemius, duke of Egypt under Constan- tius, is condemned to death under Ju- lian, for cruelty and corruption, iii. 110. Arthur, king of the Britons, his history ob-
scured by monkish fictions, iv. 475. Arvandus, prætorian præfect of Gaul, his trial and condemnation by the Roman senate, iv. 350.
Ascalon, battle of, between Godfrey king of Jerusalem, and the sultan of Egypt, vii. 247.
Ascetics, in ecclesiastical history, account of, iv. 371.
Asclepiodatus reduces and kills the British usurper Allectus, i. 405. Asia, summary view of the revolutions in that quarter of the world, i. 219. Asia Minor described, i. 27. Amount of its tribute to Rome, 178. Is conquered by the Turks, vii. 182. Asiarch, the nature of this office among
the ancient Pagans, ii. 119. note. Aspar is commissioned by Theodosius the Younger to conduct Valentinian HI. to Italy, iv. 209. Places his steward Leo on the throne of the Eastern empire, 337. He and his sons murdered by Leo, v. 3.
Assassins, the principality of, destroyed by the Moguls, vii. 461.
Assemblies of the people abolished under
the Roman emperors, i. 76. The na- ture of, among the ancient Germans, 252.
Assyria, the province of, described, iii.
192. Is invaded by the emperor Ju- lian, 194. His retreat, 211. Astarte, her image brought from Car- thage to Rome, as a spouse for Elaga- balus, i. 163.
Astolphus, king of the Lombards, takes the city of Ravenna,and attacks Rome, vi. 173. Is repelled by Pepin king of France, 174.
Astrology, why cultivated by the Arabian astronomers, vi. 438.
Athalaric, the son of Amalasontha, queen of Italy, his education and character, v. 149.
Athanaric the Gothic chief, his war against the emperor Valens, iii. 304. His al- liance with Theodosius, his death and funeral, 378.
Athanasius, St. confesses his understand- ing bewildered by meditating on the di- vinity of the Logos, iii. 13. General view of his opinions, 22. Is banished, 31. His character and adventures, 37. 167. 234. His death, 262. Was not the author of the famous creed under his name, iv. 407. note. Athanasius, patriarch of Constantinople, his contests with the Greek emperor Andronicus the Elder, vii. 423. Athenais, daughter of the philosopher Le- ontius. See Eudocia.
Athens, the libraries in that city, why said to have been spared by the Goths, i. 302. Naval strength of the republic of, during its prosperity, ii. 51. note.
Is laid under contribution by Alaric the Goth, iv. 32.
-, Review of the philosophical history of, v. 103. The schools of, silenced by the emperor Justinian, 107.
—, Revolutions of, after the crusades, and its present state, vii. 419. Athos, mount, beatific visions of the monks of, vii. 441.
Atlantic Ocean,derivation of its name, i. 30. Attacotti, a Caledonian tribe of cannibals, account of, iii. 284.
Attalus, præfect of Rome, is chosen em- peror by the senate, under the influence
of Alaric, iv. 119. Is publicly degra- ded, 121. His future fortune, 148. Attalus, a noble youth of Auvergne, his adventures, iv. 458.
Attila, the Hun, iv. 234. Description of his person and character, ib. His con- quests, 237. His treatment of his cap- tives, 245. Imposes terms of peace on Theodosius the Younger, 249. Op-
presses Theodosius by his ambassa- dors. 251. Description of his royal re- sidence, 256. His reception of the am- bassadors of Theodosius, 258. His be- haviour on discovering the scheme of Theodosius to get him assassinated, 263. His haughty messages to the em- perors of the East and West, 267. His invasion of Gaul, 279. His oration to his troops on the approach of Etius and Theodoric, 285. Battle of Chalons, 286. His invasion of Italy, 290. His retreat purchased by Valentinian, 296. His death, 298.
Atys and Cybele, the fable of, allegorised by the pen of Julian, iii. 125. Avars, are discomfited by the Turks, v 207. Their embassy to the emperor Justinian, 208. Their conquests in Po- land and Germany, 209. Their em- bassy to Justin II. 381. They join the Lombards against the Gepidæ, 384. Pride, policy, and power, of their cha- gan Baian, 436. Their conquests, 439. Invest Constantinople, 470.
Averroes, his religious infidelity, how far justifiable, vi. 441. note.
Aversa, a town near Naples, built as a settlement for the Normans, vii. 109. Augur, Roman, their number and pecu- liar office, iii. 450.
Augustine, his account of the miracles wrought by the body of St. Stephen, iii. 476. Celebrates the piety of the Goths in the sacking of Rome, iv. 125. Approves the persecution of the Do- natists of Africa, 218. His death, cha- racter, and writings, 221. History of his relics, vii. 185. note.
Augustulus, son of the patrician Orestes, is chosen emperor of the West, iv.360. Is deposed by Odoacer, 361. His ba- nishment to the Lucullan villa in Cam- pania, 364.
Augustus, emperor, his moderate exercise of power, i. 2. Is imitated by his suc- cessors, 3. His naval regulations, 20. His division of Gaul, 22. His situation after the battle of Actium, 67. He re- forms the senate, 68. Procures a se- natorial grant of the Imperial dignity, - 69. Division of the provinces between him and the senate, 72. Is allowed his military command and guards in the city of Rome, ib. Obtains the con- sular and tribunitian offices for life, 73. His character and policy, 80. Adopts Tiberius, 83 Formed an accurate re- gister of the revenues and expenses of the empire, 178. Taxes instituted by him, 180. His naval establishments at Ravenna, iv. 51.
Augustus and Cesar, those titles explain. ed and discriminated, i. 79. Avienus, his character and embassy from Valentinian III. to Attila king of the Huns, iv. 296.
Avignon, the holy see how transferred from Rome to that city, viii. 202. Re- turn of pope Urban V. to Rome, 239. Avitus, his embassy from Atius to Theo- doric king of the Visigoths, iv. 282. Assumes the empire, 314. His depo- sition and death, 319. Aurelian, emperor, his birth and services, i. 328. His expedition against Pal- myra, 343. His triumph, 349. His cruelty, and death, 354, 355. Aurengzebe,account of his immense camp, i. 232. note.
Aureolus is invested with the purple on the Upper Danube, i. 318. Ausonius, the tutor of the emperor Gra- tian, his promotions, iii. 387. note. Autharis, king of the Lombards in Italy, his wars with the Franks, v. 401. His adventurous gallantry, 408. Autun, the city of, stormed and plunder- ed by the legions in Gaul, i. 359. Auvergne, province and city of, in Gaul, revolutions of, iv. 455.
Auxiliaries, Barbarian, fatal consequen- ces of their admission into the Roman armies, il. 265.
Axuch, a Turkish slave, his generous friendship to the princess Anne Com- nena, vi. 134. And to Manuel Com- nenus, 135.
Azimuntium, the citizens of, defend their privileges against Peter, brother of the Eastern emperor Maurice, v. 441. Azimus, remarkable spirit by the citi- zens of, against Attila and his Huns, iv. 250.
Baian, chagan of the Avars, his pride, policy, and power, v. 436. His perfi- dious seizure of Sirmium and Singidu- num, 438. His conquests, 439. His treacherous attempt to seize the em- peror Heraclius, 459. Invests Constan- tinople in conjunction with the Per- sians, 470. Retires, 472. Bajazet I. sultan of the Turks, his reign, vii. 480. His correspondence with Ta- merlane, viii. 11. Is defeated and cap- tured by Tamerlane, 19. Inquiry into the story of the iron cage, 20. His sons, 31
Balbinus elected joint emperor with Ma- ximus, by the senate, on the deaths of the two Gord ans, i. 201. Baldwin, count of Flanders, engages in the fourth crusade, vii. 314. Is chosen emperor of Constantinople, 350. Is taken prisoner by Calo John, king of the Bulgarians, 360. His death, 361. Baldwin II emperor of Cons antinople, vii. 368. His distresses and expedients,
370. His expulsion from that city, 577. Baldwin, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon,
accompanies him on the first crusade, vii. 211. Founds the principality of Edessa, 232.
Baltic Sea, progressive subsidence of the water of, i. 240. note. How the Ro- mans acquired a knowledge of the na- val powers of, iii. 277. note. Baptism, theory and practice of, among the primitive Christians, ii. 411. Barbary, the name of that country, whence derived, vi. 382. note The Moors of, converted to the Mahome- tan faith, 403. Barbatio, general of the infantry in Gaul
under Julian, his misconduct, ii. 375. Barchochebas, his rebellion against the emperor Hadrian, ii. 141. Barus, Celtic, their power of exciting a
martial enthusiasm in the people, i. 260. Bards, British, their peculiar office and duties, iv. 480.
Bari is taken from the Saracens by the
joint efforts of the Latin and Greek em.
Barlaam, a Calabrian monk, his dispute with the Greek theologians about the light of mount Thabor, vii. 442. His embassy to Rome, from Andronicus the younger, viii. 44. His literary character, 79.
Basil I. the Macedonian, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 108. Reduces the Paul cians, vii. 58.
Basil II. emperor of Constantinople, vi. 121. His great wealth, vii. 14. His in- human treatment of the Bulgarians, 73.
Basil, archbishop of Cæsarea, no evidence of his having been persecuted by the emperor Valens, iii. 264. Insults his friend Gregory Nazianzen, under the appearance of promotion, 399. The father of the monks of Pontus, iv. 375. Basiliscus, brother of the empress Verina is entrusted with the command of the armament sent against the Vandals in Africa, iv. 344. His fleet destroyed by Genseric, 345. His promotion to the empire, and death, v. 4. Bassianus, high priest of the sun, his pa- rentage, i. 159. Is proclaimed empe- ror at Emesa, ibid. See Elagabalus. Bassianus, brother-in-law to Constantine revolts against him, ii. 42.
Bassora, its foundation and situation, vi. 319.
Baths, public, of Rome described, iv. 103. Batna, reception of the emperor Julian there, iii. 183.
Beasts, wild, the variety of, 'introduced in the circus, for the public games at Rome, i. 387.
Beausobre, M. de, character of his His- toire Critique du Manicheisme, vi. 2. note. Beber, battle of, between Mahomet and the Koreish of Mecca, vi. 273. Bedoweens of Arabia, their mode of life, vi. 223.
Bees, remarks on the structure of their combs and cells, vi. 435. note. Belisarius, his birth and military promo- tion, v. 116. Is appointed by Justinian to conduct the African war, 118. Em- barkation of his troops, 121.
Lands in Africa, 123. Defeats Gelimer, 126. Is received into Carthage, 127. Se- cond defeat of Gelimer, 132. Reduc- tion of Africa, 134. Surrender of Ge- limer, 139. His triumphant return to Constantinople, 140. Is declared sole consul, 141. He menaces the Ostro. goths of Italy, 147. He seizes Sicily, 151. Invades Italy, 156. Takes Na- ples, 158. He enters Rome, 161. He is besieged in Rome by the Goths, ibid. The siege raised, 176. Causes Con- stantine, one of his generals, to be kil- led, 177. Siege of Ravenna, 181. Takes Ravenna by stratagem, 184. Returns to Constantinople, 185. His character and behaviour, 186. Scan- dalous life of his wife Antonina, 187. His disgrace and submission, 192. Is sent into the East to oppose Chosroes king of Persia, 225. His politic re- ception of the Persian ambassadors, 227. His second campaign in Italy, 257. His ineffectual attempt to raise the siege of Rome, 260. Dissuades
Totila from destroying Rome, 263. Recovers the city, 264 His final re- cal from Italy, 266. Rescues Constan- tinople from the Bulgarians, 288. His disgrace and death, 289.
Benefice, in feudal language, explained, iv. 452.
Benevento, battle of, between Charles of Anjou, and Mainfroy the Sicilian usur- per, vii. 410. Beneventum, anecdotes relating to the siege of, vii. 105.
Benjamin of Tudela, his account of the riches of Constantinople, vii. 13. Berea, of Aleppo, reception of the em- peror Julian there, iii. 183. Bernard, St. his character and influence
in promoting the second crusade, vii. 266. His character of the Romans, viii. 177.
Berytus, account of the law school esta- blished there, ii. 255. Is destroyed by an earthquake, v. 297.
Bernier, his account of the camp of Au- rengzebe, i. 232. note.
Bessarion, cardinal, his character, viii. 85. Bessas, governor of Rome for Justinian, his rapacity during the siege of that city by Totila the Goth, v. 259. Occasions the loss of Rome, 261. Bezabde, is taken and garrisoned by Sa- por king of Persia, ii. 366. Is inef-
fec.ually besieged by Constantius, 367. Bindoes, a Sassanian prince, deposes Hor- mouz king of Persia, v. 429. Birthright, the least invidious of all hu man distinctions, i. 188. Bishops, among the primitive Christians, the office of, explained, ii. 103. Pro- gress of episcopal authority, 105. As- sumed dignity of episcopal govern- ment, 117.
--, Number of, at the time of Con- stantine the Great, ii. 419. Mode of their election, 420. Their power of ordination, 422. The ecclesiastical re- venue of each diocese how divided, 426. Their civil jurisdiction, 427. Their spiritual censures, 429. Their legis- lative assemblies, 433.
Bishops, rural, their rank and duties, ii. 420.
Bissextile, superstitious regard for this year by the Romans, iii. 242. Bithynia, the cities of, plundered by the Goths, i. 296.
Blemyes, their revolt against the emperor Diocletian, i. 409.
Boccace, his literary character, viii. 81. Boethius, the learned senator of Rome, his history, v. 31. His imprisonment and death, 35.
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