Inhabitants.] The inhabitants are all of the Low-German race.

There are about 638,259 Catholics, 425,976 Protestants, and 9,721 Jews. In a great part of the country the inhabitants live dispersed in small isolated farms. The Catholics have two universities, one at Münster, and one at Paderborn; they have also seminaries for the clergy, gymnasiums, and elementary schools. The Protestants have gymnasiums, and city and parochial schools; but the state of general information, and school-establishments, is here decidedly inferior to other Prussian provinces, and the inhabitants stand lower in civilization than in most other parts of the monarchy,

Topography. Westphalia is divided into 3 districts, subdivided into circles. It contains 128 towns, 60 boroughs, and 4,045 villages.

1st. District of Münster.] The number of Catholics and Protestants in this district are nearly equal. The chief town of the whole province is Münster, on the Aa, with 18,218 inhabitants. It is the seat of the government, and contains a Catholic university, several colleges and schools, and a public library. Warendorf, on the Ems, with 3,958 inhabitants, conducts extensive cotton, silk, worsted, and linen manufactures.

District of Minden.] There are 36 towns, 7 boroughs, 589 villages, 812 hamlets and isolated houses, in this district, which is divided into 12 circles. The chief town is Minden, upon the Weser, over which is a bridge 600 feet in length. The population of this town is 9000 souls. It possesses several manufactures, among which are large sugar-refineries, and conducts a pretty extensive commerce upon the Weser. In the town of Bielefeld there are some extensive linen-manufactures, of which the beautiful damask table linen is highly celebrated. The whole population here are employed in the staple manufacture of linen; the flax is spun in the adjacent villages, and the town itself is surrounded by very extensive bleachfields. The ancient town of Paderborn, upon the Pader, the seat of a bishop, contains nearly 6000 inhabitants. The Catholic university, founded here in 1615, has only two faculties,-theology and moral philosophy. The small town of Driburg, situated in a fine romantic country, possesses a mineral spring, which attracts a number of visitors. Corvey was formerly a magnificent convent of Benedictines, the most ancient in Westphalia, of which the abbot was a bishop and prince of the empire, with a vote in the diet. The cathedral here is very magnificent, and it is still the seat of a bishop.

3d. The District of Arensberg.] There are 202,766 Protestants, 178,826 Catholics, and 3,489 Jews in this district. Arensberg, the chief town of the whole province, contains 3000 inhabitants. The Buhr flows around it. It was a flourishing town in the middle ages. Dortmund, on the Emscher, with 4,476 inhabitants, an ancient independent town, formerly belonged to the Hanseatic league; it lost its independence only in 1802.

VI. THE PROVINCE OF CLEVE-BERG.

The province of Cleve-Berg is bounded on the N. by the Netherlands; on the N.E. and E. by the province of Westphalia; on the S. and S.W. by the province of the Lower Rhine; and on the S.W. by the Netherlands. It is the smallest of all the Prussian provinces, but it is the most populous in proportion to its extent: possessing a population of 983,000 souls on a superficial extent of territory not exceeding 3,450 British square miles.

Physical Features.] The Rhine divides this province into two parts. The right banks of the Rhine are here steep and rugged; the left have some hills, but also beautiful fertile plains; the northern district is quite flat and intersected with bogs.

Mountains.] The principal chain is the Westerwald, of which the different branches cover the whole eastern parts, but the highest point rises not more than 2000 feet above the level of the sea. With this chain is connected the Siebengebirge, or Seven Mountains,' a chain extending along the Rhine, from which seven conic mountains, among which the Lowenberg of 1,896 feet, the Oelberg of 1,827, and the castled crag of Drachenfels' 1,473 feet in altitude, are the most remarkable. Rivers. The principal river of the province is the Rhine, which here

" nobly foams and flows

The charm of this enchanted ground.'

All the other rivers, except the Maes, belong to its basin; the most remarkable are the Lippe and the Ruhr, which are also navigable; the Erft and the Neuss are partly navigable. The Maes, or French Meuse, receives only the Nieres.

Climate.] The climate is temperate; the air on the right side of the Rhine is pure and healthy, but on the left side it is more damp.

Productions.] Game, fish, bees, corn, vegetables, tobacco, fruit, wine, wood, flax, iron, lead, coals, marble, and slate, are the productions of this district. The soil is in general not favourable for agriculture, the mountains being too stony, and the valleys too narrow for the operations. Flax is one of the principal objects of agriculture. Wine is manufactured in the neighbourhood of Bonn: but neither in large quantities, nor of very superior quality. The rearing of cattle is, like the production of corn, not sufficient for the consumption. Mining is not very productive, except the working of coals.

Industry and Commerce.] With so little production this province would be badly off, if the industry of the inhabitants did not make up for what nature has denied them. It is not only the most industrious part of the whole Prussian monarchy, but of all Germany. The district of Berg has been by travellers described as England in miniature.' The principal manufactures on both sides of the Rhine are broadcloth, worsted, silk, linen, cotton, ribbons, leather, soap, paper, tobacco, and brandy; on the right exclusively iron, steel, copper, and brass. The commerce is flourishing; the exportation consists in the manufactures of the country; there is also a very important commerce by commission and transit from and to Holland.

Inhabitants.] The inhabitants are all of German origin. The majority are Catholics, whose number are estimated at 657,047; the Lutherans and Calvinists amount to 268,787; there are also 8,372 Jews, and some other sects. Among the establishments for education here, besides the newly formed university at Bonn-already one of the best in Germany-there are a number of gymnasiums, high schools, and parochial schools. These establishments were on the whole in a very neglected state when this province came under the Prussian government, but they are already better organized and are daily improving.

Administration.] The administration has been for the most part organized on the same footing with the other Prussian provinces of Germany; but several ancient institutions have been permitted to

remain, and in particular the French code of law, though it also is, as we believe, to be abolished gradually, and the whole placed on the same footing with the rest of the monarchy.

Topography. This province contains 65 towns, 30 burghs, and 1,077 villages; and is divided into 3 districts.

1st. The District of Cleve.] Cleve, the chief town of this district, contains 6,736 inhabitants. Emmerich, on the Rhine, conducts an animated commerce, and possesses a port on the river with 40 or 60 vessels. The town of Kempen is celebrated as the birth-place of Thomas a Kempis, and of the historian Gellenius.

2d. The District of Duesseldorf.] This is the most populous district in the monarchy, containing 632,000 inhabitants, on a superficial extent of territory only amounting to 2,100 British square miles. There is a flying bridge over the Rhine at the town of Duesseldorf, which contains 27,000 inhabitants. The fortifications of this town have been demolished and changed into public walks. It is surrounded by fine gardens, and is very regularly built. There is a gymnasium, drawing academy, commercial school, 20 elementary schools, and a theatre here.-St. Elberfeld, on the Wipper, with 25,000 inhabitants, is an important manufacturing town, with 100 larger or smaller manufactories, particularly those of cotton, silk, lace, thread, &c. There is a Bible society here.-The town of Solingen is celebrated for its iron manufactures, particularly of knives and swords, which latter are hardened in such a manner that iron can be cut through with them without damaging the blade in the least. Remscheid is a staple place for iron and steel wares. There are every year exported 40,000 scythes from this place.-Crefeld, with 14,291 inhabitants, among whom are 200 Mennonites, contains several manufactories of velvet, silk, and ribbons, employing upwards of 300 looms. Around the town are more than 2000 gardens.

3d. The District and City of Cöln or Cologne.] Cologne, once the capital of an archbishopric and electorate,-afterwards subject to France, and included in the department of the Roer,-but now in the Prussian territory is an ancient, decayed city, built in the form of a crescent on the left bank of the Rhine, and containing, according to M. Balbi, 64,000 inhabitants. On account of the wealth, number, and splendour of its clergy, the ignorance, superstition, and intolerance of its inhabitants, the vast variety of its churches, chapels, monasteries, nunneries, and relics, with their legends and miracles, Cologne was once denominated 'the Rome of Germany.' In the beginning of the last century there were reckoned to be no less than 365 churches within this city. At present Cologne is said to have 34 gates, 10 collegiate churches, 49 parish churches, 4 abbeys, 22 nunneries, 57 convents, 50 chapels, and 16 hospitals, all well-endowed; and most of the houses belonging to the canons and prebends have large gardens and vineyards belonging to them. In the cathedral they pretend to show the tomb of the three wise men who came from the east to worship our Saviour, and who are hence called the Three Kings of Cologne.' The tomb of St. Ursula, and her 11,000 virgins, who came from Britain to convert the Pagans in these parts, and were all murdered by the Huns, is shown here. The bones of the virgins are hung upon the walls of St. Ursula's church, in great order; some of the heads most noted for miracles are kept in cases of silver, others are covered with cloth of gold, while some of them have caps of the same material, and velvet. These are ample specimens of