Man mainly develops by internal differences in his brain structure, as other animals develop by external differences in bones and muscles.

What, then, it may be asked, can be done to elevate other races? How can we benefit them? Mest certainly not by Europeanising them. By real education, leading out the mind to a natural and solid growth, much can be done; but not by enforcing a mass of accomplishments and artificialities of life. The general impression in England is that reading, writing, and arithmetic are the elements of education. They might be so to us, in the foremost files of time,' but they assuredly are not so to other races. The complex ideas of connecting forms and sounds is far too great a step for many brains; and when we succeed, to our delight, in turning out finished readers, Nature comes in with the stern reply, ‘Of their children not one has been reared.' Our bigoted belief in reading and writing is not in the least justitied when we look at the mass of mankind. The exquisite art and noble architecture of Mykenæ, the undying song of Homer, the extensive trade of the Bronze Age, all belonged to people who never read or wrote. At this day some of my best friends-in Egypt-are happily ignorant of such accomplishments, and assuredly I never encourage them to any such useless waste of their brains. The great essentials of a valuable character--moderation, justice, sympathy, politeness and consideration, quick observation, shrewdness, ability to plan and pre-arrange, a keen sense of the uses and properties of thingsall these are the qualities on which I value my Egyptian friends, and such qualities are what should be evolved by any education worth the name. No brain, however humble, will be the worse for such education which is hourly in use; while in the practical life of a simple community the accomplishments of reading and writing are not needed for perhaps a week or a month at a time. The keenest interest is taken by some races, and probably by all, in geography, modes of government, and social systems; and in most countries elements of hygiene and improvements in the dwellings and arts of life may be taught with the best results. There is therefore a very wide field for the education of even the lowest races, without throwing any great strain on the mental powers. And it must always be remembered that memory is far more perfect where a less burden of learning is thrown on the mind, and ideas and facts can be remembered and brought into use more readily by minds unstrained by artificial instruction.

The greatest educational influence, however, is example. This is obvious when we see how rapidly the curses of our civilisation spread among those unhappily subjected to it. The contact of Europeans with lower races is almost always a detriment, and it is the severest reflection on ourselves that such should be the case. It is a subject which has given much room for thought in my own dealings with the Egyptian peasant to consider how this deleterious effect is produced, and how it is to be avoided. Firstly, it is due to carelessness in leaving temptations open to natives, which may be no temptations to ourselves. To be careless about sixpences is as demoralising to them as a man who tossed sovereigns about the street would be to us. Examples of carelessness in this point are among the worst of influences. Another injury is the inducement to natives to imitate the ways and customs of Europeans without reason. Every imitation, as mere imitation, is a direct injury to character; it teaches a man to trust to some one else instead of thinking for himself; it induces a belief in externals constituting our superiority, while foresight and self-restraint are the real roots of it; and it destroys all chance of any real and solid growth of character which can flourish independently. A native should always be discouraged from any imitation, unless he attempts it as an intelligent improvement on his own habits. Another sadly common evil is the abuse of power, which lowers that sense of self-respect, of honour, and of honesty which can be found in most races. If a man or a government defrauds, it is but natural to the sufferer to try to recompense himself by any means available; and thus an interminable system of reprisals is set up. Such is the chronic state of the East at present among the more civilised races. The Egyptians are notorious for their avarice, and are usually credited with being inveterate money-grabbers; yet no sooner do they find that this system of reprisals is abandoned and strict justice maintained, than they at once respond to it; and I may say that when confidence

has once been gained it is almost as common to find a man dispute an account against his own interest as for himself, and scarcely ever is any attempt made at false statements or impositions. Such is the healthy response to straightforward dealing with them.

It is therefore in encouraging a healthy growth of all that is worthy and good in the existing systems of lower civilisation, in repressing all mere imitations and senseless copying, and in proceeding on a rigorously just yet genial course of conduct, that the safe and true line lies for intercourse with inferior or different civilisations.

And, lastly, the question comes home to us, In what way is this practical anthropology to be fostered? It is so essentially important to us as a race that we should take good care that it is understood. Whether it be a question of interference with the customs of higher races, as the Hindu, or of lower savages, as the Australian, momentous questions may often depend on public opinion amongst a mass of people in England who have no conception at present of the race with whom they are dealing. And still more needful is it for those who take part abroad in the governing of other races to have a wide view of the character of various civilisations. Until the present generation there have been two great educative influences on the view of life taken by Englishmen, the Old Testament and the Classics. So long as a boy had his ideas formed in contact with Oriental polygamy and Greek polytheism, he was not in danger of undue narrowness in dealing with the Muslim or the Hindu; but with the pressure of modern requirements both of these excellent views of other civilisations are being crowded out, and we meet men now to whom the world's history began when they were born. There is great danger in such ignorance. All the painful and laborious experiments in social and political problems during past ages are ignored, rash trials are made on lines which have been repeatedly proved to be impossible, and real advance in any direction is thwarted by useless repetitions of the well-known failures of the past.

It is the business of anthropology to step in, and make a knowledge of other civilisations a part of all decent education. In this direction our science has a most important field before it, at least as valuable as geography or history, and far more practical in developing ideas than many of the smatterings now taught. To present a view of another civilisation, we require to give an insight into the way of looking at the world, the modes of thought, the aims in life, the checks and counter-checks on the weaknesses of man, and the construction of society and of government, in each case. The origin and utility of the various customs and habits need to be pointed out, and in what way they are reasonable and needful to the well-being of the community. And above all, we ought to impress on every boy that this civilisation in which he grows is only one of innumerable experiments in life that have been tried; that it is by no means the only successful one, or perhaps not the most successful, that there has been; that there are many other solutions of the problems of community and culture which are as good as our own, and that no one solution will fit a different race, climate, or set of conditions.

How such a sense of proportion in the world is to be attained, and what course of instruction will eradicate political fanaticism, and plant a reasonable tolerance of other forms of civilisation, is the problem before us as practical anthropologists. The highest form of this perception of other existence is reached in the best history— writing or fiction, which enables the reader to strip himself for the time of his prejudices and views of life, and reclothe the naked soul with an entirely different personality and environment. Very few writers, and those only in rare instances, can reach this level; it needs consummate knowledge, skill, sympathy, and abandon in the writer, and if without these, it is neither accurate nor inspiring. The safer course is to carefully select from the best literature of a civilisation, and explain and illustrate this so as to leave no feature of it outside of the reason and feelings of the reader. Here we run against the special bigotry of the purely classical scholar, who looks on ancient literature as a peculiar preserve solely belonging to those who will labour to read it in its original dress. No one limits an acquaintance with Hebrew, Egyptian, or Arabic authors to those who can deal with those

tongues; and Greek and Latin authors ought to be as familiar to the English reader as Milton or Macaulay. To say that because it is impossible in a business education to give several years to a working knowledge of ancient languages, that therefore all thought written in those languages shall be a sealed book, is pedantry run mad. A few months, or even weeks, on translations will at least open the mind, and give an intelligent sense of the variety and the standpoint of the intellect of the past. And such a course is certainly better than the total ignorance which now prevails on such lines where the classics are not taught.

What seems to be the most practical course would be the recognition of civilisation or social life as a branch of general reading to be stimulated in schools, and encouraged by subsequent inquiry as to the extent to which it is followed and understood, without making it an additional fang of the examination demon.

The books required for such reading should cover the life of Greece, Rome, Babylon, Egypt, and Mexico in ancient times; and China, India, Persia, Russia, Spain, and one or two low civilisations, such as the Andamans and the Zulus, in modern times. Neither histories nor travels are wanted for this purpose; but a selection of the literature which shall most illustrate the social life and frame of the community, with full explanation and illustrations. We need not to excite wonder, astonishment, or disgust; but rather to enable the reader to realise the daily life, and to live in the very minds of the people. Where no literature is available, a vivid study of the nature of the practical working of their civilisation should take its place.

Such is the practical scope of anthropology in our daily life, where it needs as much consideration and will exercise as great an influence as any of the other subjects dealt with by this Association.

The following Papers were then read:-
:-

1. On a Recent Discovery of the Remains of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Jamaica. By Sir W. H. FLOWER, K.C.B., F.R.S.

2. On Skulls of Neolithic Invaders of Egypt.
By Professor W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE, D.C.L., LL.D.

3. On Neolithic Invaders of Egypt.

By Professor W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE, D.C.L., LL.D.

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 13.

The following Papers and Reports were read:

1. Stone Implements in Somaliland. By H. W. SETON-KARR.

My first discovery of flint chipped spear-heads, knives, and scrapers was in the winter of 1893-4, on my return to the coast from lion-hunting in the interior. A few of those I then picked up are now in the British Museum; a few I gave to the Earl of Ducie's collection, and the remainder I retained for myself. This winter, 1894-5, on my return from lion-hunting I again traversed, without halting, the district to which they appear to me to be confined, and obtained several thousands by diligently searching for them in those places where my previous experience suggested to me that they would probably be found. Of this large number, however, only about one hundred are really symmetrically chipped as spear-heads. I also

gathered a number of cores, chips and flakes, knives, and scrapers. The places where they abound in the district alluded to were invariably of one character. In the first place the district was distinguished by the presence of flint nodules upon the surface, so that these ancient peoples, with whom this place was apparently a manufactory, had the materials ready to their bands.

I observed next that they were more numerous as one approached a well or the river beds in which the wells are dug.

Also I inferred that the people who made them seemed to be timid, or in a state of constant warfare with the surrounding tribes (as the Somalis are to this day), because the spots which seem to have been chosen as factories for the noisy operation of breaking up the flint nodules and shaping them, were usually retired places surrounded by low hills, which would prevent the sound from travelling far. There was also generally a watercourse with steep sides, along which persons could escape unseen if surprised by people coming suddenly over the surrounding ridges.

The implements were most numerous in the vicinity of this central watercourse. The ground had always a very gentle fall, so that the heavy showers which constitute the rainfal! in Somaliland would wash away the sandy soil, and yet keep the stones lying free and clean upon the surface, in which position they were always found.

Also there were generally no other stones upon the surface besides these worked flints.

There is another point which I cannot explain, though the reason may be simple; it is that there was never any vegetation upon the spot upon which I found these implements scattered, excepting a few scraggy mimosa bushes.

This was not owing to my not having searched the surface where it was partly covered with plants, for I was always on the alert to detect the presence of worked flints while in pursuit of game. I trained some of my men to discover these spots, which were not hard to find, being, as I said, bare of vegetation, and the shining surfaces of these flints reflecting the sunlight and covering the ground, sometimes for the space of half an acre. flints. Still, I often found fine specimens on ground which they had already I also trained them to pick up and bring me worked searched.

It is my intention to return once more to this district this winter, which will make my seventh expedition into equatorial oriental Africa.

Finally, out of all my specimens, I think there is not one absolutely perfect; all seem either damaged or unfinished.

Sometimes I found an unfinished spear-head on the ground, surrounded by a mass of flakes and chips, as though the people had dropped their work, and, carrying with them all their perfect weapons and belongings, had fled, never to return.

2. On Flint and Metal Working in Egypt.

By Professor W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE, D.C.L., LL.D.

3. On Flint Implements with Glacial Markings from the North of Ireland. By W. J. KNOWLES, M.R.I.A.

The author referred to his having exhibited and described a large pear-shaped flint implement with glacial markings at the Southport meeting in 1883. The flake-marks did not show evidence of bulbs, and the artificial character of the implement was questioned. The author believed that the bulb-marks been removed by dressing, but he now produced specimens which were similarly may have scratched, and showed undoubted marks of bulbs and other evidence of being artificial productions. They were found at Kilroot, Larne, and Island Magee, on the shores of Antrim, and though probably lastly derived from the raised-beach gravels found at those places, he believed they had originally come from a glacial formation which had been removed by denudation.

4. Report on the Plateau Flints of North Kent.-See Reports, p. 349.

5. On Graving Tools from the Terrace-Gravels of the Thames Valley. By H. STOPES.

The author exhibited and described sixty-four stones worked and used by Paleolithic man. These were selected from many more of similar types. They have all been found in the gravels resting on the Chalk, on the Kentish side of the Thames, at levels ranging from 70 feet to 105 feet above O.D. from the various pits occurring between Higham and Dartford.

The series consists of seven distinct forms or groups:

1. Ordinary flakes with used and worked ends ranging from inch to 8 inches long.

2. Fragments or large flakes worked all round but brought to a spur or point, chiefly left-handed, and varying much in shape and size. The points are straight or curved, pointed and duck-billed.

3. Cores similar to 2, but with carefully-formed points, indicating much wear and use, chiefly left-handed.

4. Split flints or wide flakes made nearly square, with one, two, or more points at the corners. Wear on sides indicates use as spokeshaves.

5. Ovate, well-formed tools, or large flakes with strong sharp spur or point at sides or end. These run in size up to 5 inches in width by 7 inches in length.

6. Well-worked tools of the ordinary axe (or hache) shape, with well-defined point at sharp or thin edge. In many this point could not be accidental. In others a broken axe has had a point rechipped in such a position that it would not be able to be readily or conveniently used as an axe.

7. Nodules of flint very slightly worked at one end, chiefly with broad points of the duck-bill type. These stones suggest extensive use of ivory, bone, wood, shell, leather, and all such materials, together with a higher degree of civilisation and refinement than is commonly accorded as yet to Paleolithic men.

6. On Palæolithic Projectiles. By H. STOPES.

Ninety specimens were exhibited of stones, chiefly flint, found in the recognised Palaeolithic gravels in Kent, Bedford, and Suffolk. These ranged from 8 in. in diameter to less than 1 in., and from 3 in. in thickness to in., and in weight from over 3 lbs. to half an ounce.

The suggested use was throwing by hand, from a cleft-stick, or with a sling; preferably the latter, as some could not be held in a cleft stick. Many are very rough stones resembling cores, but are carefully fashioned to shape, and some have obviously been used. The author compared them with some found in the vicinity of Neolithic settlements, chiefly at a distance of from 70 to 150 yards outside the camp.

The majority of the stones are circular and flat, the thickness equalling from one-third to one-half the diameter. Some are carefully worked all over.

One series, called gyrators, are very carefully shaped to a thin oval form that possesses a half-spiral twist. The author suggested that they may have been slung, and in flight they might describe an ellipse, after the fashion of a boomerang. Some of these were too thick at the edges to permit of use as flaying-knives.

Over 20 per cent. of the projectiles yet found by the author consist of broken tools. The larger stones are frequently the butt-ends of axes, and the smaller have often apparently been tips. Three shown were broken eoliths from the upper plateau-gravels in Kent, that had been reworked and chipped by men prior to deposition at 105 feet above O.D. in the Swanscombe gravels. One of these is heavily patinated and waterworn on its older faces. When being struck into its present form a fine bulb of percussion was made, which is not waterworn.