Scelidosaurus. The second of these restorations is that of Scelidosaurus Harrisonii, of Owen, shown natural size in the diagram. This reptile was an herbivorous Dinosaur of moderate size, related to Stegosaurus, and was its predecessor from a lower geological horizon in England. This restoration is essentially based upon the original description and figures of Owen (Palæontographical Society, 1861). These have been supplemented by my own notes and sketches, made during examinations of the type specimen, now in the British Museum. Scelidosaurus is a near relative, as it were, of one of our American forms, Stegosaurus, now represented by so many specimens that we know the skull, skeleton, and dermal armour, with much certainty. The English form known as Omosaurus is still more nearly allied to Stegosaurus, perhaps identical. A restoration of the skeleton of Scelidosaurus, by Dr. Henry Woodward, will be found in the British Museum Guide to Geology and Palæontology, 1890, p. 19. The missing parts are restored from Iguanodon, and the animal is represented as bipedal, as in that genus. In the present outline restoration of Scelidosaurus, I have endeavoured merely to place on record my idea of the form and position of the skeleton, when the animal was alive, based on the remains I have myself examined. In case of doubt, as, for example, in regard to the front of the skull, which is wanting in the type specimen, I have used a dotted outline, based on the nearest allied form. Of the dermal armour, only the row of plates best known is indicated. The position chosen in this figure is one that would be assumed by the animal in walking on all four feet, and this I believe to have been its natural mode of progression. Hypsilophodon. The third of these restorations, that of Hypsilophodon Foxii, Huxley, 1870, given in outline, natural size, in the diagram, has been made with much care, partly from the type specimen, and in part from other material mostly now in the British Museum. The figures and description by the late Mr. Hulke1 were of special value, although my own conclusions as to the natural position of the animal when alive do not coincide with those of my honoured friend, who did so much to make this genus of Dinosaurs, and others, known to science. The restoration by Mr. Hulke is shown in another diagram. In the case of Hypsilophodon, a number of specimens are available instead of only one. This makes the problem of restoration in itself a simpler matter than in Scelidosaurus. Moreover, we have in America a closely allied form, Laosaurus, of which several species are known. A study of the genus Laosaurus, and the restoration of one species given on the diagram exhibited will clear up several points long in doubt. Huxley and Hulke both shed much light on this interesting genus, Hypsilophodon, indeed, on many of the Dinosauria. The mystery of the Dinosaurian pelvis, which baffled Cuvier, Mantell, and Owen, was mainly solved by them, the ilium and ischium by Huxley, and the pubis by Hulke. The more perfect American specimens have demonstrated the correctness of nearly all their con clusions. Iguanodon. The fourth restoration exhibited, that of Iguanodon Bernissartensis, Boulenger, 1881, one-fifth natural size, has been made in outline for comparison with American forms. It is based mainly on photographs of the well-known Belgian specimens, the originals of which I have studied with considerable care during several visits to Brussels. The descriptions and figures of Dollo have also been used in the preparation of this restoration. A few changes only have been introduced, based mainly upon a study of the original specimens. 1 Philosophical Transactions, 1882. 2 Bulletin Royal Museum of Belgium, 1882-88. Beside the four genera here represented, no other European Dinosaurs at present known are sufficiently well preserved to admit of accurate restorations of the skeleton. This is true, moreover, of the Dinosaurian remains from other parts of the world outside of North America. To present a comprehensive view of the Dinosaurs, so far as now known, I bave prepared the plate exhibited, which gives restorations of the twelve best-known types, as I have thus far been able to reconstruct them. Of these twelve forms, eight are from America: Anchisaurus, a small carnivorous type from the Trias; Brontosaurus, Camptosaurus, Laosaurus, and Stegosaurus, all herbivorous, and the carnivorous Ceratosaurus, from the Jurassic; with Claosaurus and Triceratops, herbivores from the Cretaceous. These American forms, with the four from Europe already shown to you, complete the series represented on the chart exhibited. They form an instructive group of the remarkable reptiles known as Dinosauria. The geological positions of Compsognathus and of Scelidosaurus are fully determined, but that of Hypsilophodon and Iguanodon is not so clear. The latter are found in the so-called Wealden, but just what the Wealden is I have not been able to determine from the authorities I have consulted. The Cretaceous age of these deposits appears to be taken for granted here, but the evidence as it now stands seems to me to point rather to the upper Jurassic as their true position. If I should find the vertebrate fossils now known from your Wealden in the Rocky Mountains, where I have collected many corresponding forms, I should certainly call them Jurassic, and have good reason for so doing. Moreover, after visiting typical Wealden localities here and on the Continent, I can still see no reason for doing otherwise so far as the vertebrate fossils are concerned, and in such freshwater deposits their evidence should be conclusive. I have already called attention to this question of the age of the Wealden, and do so again, as I believe it worthy of a careful reconsideration by English geologists. 2. Report on the Investigation of the Locality where the Cetiosaurus Remains in the Oxford Museum were found.-See Reports, p. 403. 3. Preliminary Notice of an Exposure of Rhætic Beds, near East Leake, Nottinghamshire. By MONTAGU BROWNE, F.G.S., F.Z.S. (Fourth Contribution to Rhatic Geology.) On the confines of Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire, near East Leake it he latter county, the extension of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway has lately exposed an interesting section by the tunnel, which cuts through the White Hills, under the high road, and is bounded on the west by the coppice called the Devil's Garden,' which is near the end of a westerly extension or promontory of the Liassic with Rhætic beds. The ordinary appearance of Midland exposures is here exhibited, and many of the beds are homotaxial, both by lithology and contained fossils, with those of exposures so remote as Wigston in Leicestershire, Westbury-on-Severn, Pylle Hill at Bristol, and Watchet in Somersetshire. As in these exposures, there is no actual or massive bone-bed as at Aust, &c., although, most curiously, one pieceand one only, identical with the Aust breccia--was picked up at the tip. The usual minerals are present in the shales and stone, viz., selenite, iron pyrites, oxides and peroxides of iron, and galena sparingly. The fossils are interesting, not only as supplementing those previously alluded to by the writer in former contributions, but as exhibiting some rare forms not previously recorded for Britain, as given in the following list: 1 This ancient and singular appellation is suggested by the writer as probably due to the exposure of the black shales here in digging, the surroundings being a wide area of Keuper red marls. 2 British Association Reports, 1891-2-4. Upper Rhætic. SECTION OF TRIASSIC BEDS, EAST LEAKE TUNNEL, Norts. K-Marls, grey, sandy, weathering light grey, and breaking with a somewhat 3 in. to Ft. in. 12 0 Apparently rnfossiliferous. 06 12 0 Upper portion 2 0 16 6 51 8 Nemacanthus monilifer, Agassiz-spines. Gyrolepis albertii, Agassiz-scales. Labyrinthodon, sp.-parts of jaws and teeth, and some other portions not yet determined. ? Dinosaurian limb-bones. Rysosteus oweni,' Woodward and Sherborne. Several other specimens not yet determined. 1895. YY LOWER LIAS. To the south of the tunnel, several minor and one major fault have let down the Rhætic and Lower Lias-which is here exposed as part of the great Hoton and Buckminster fault-with an inverted downthrow. The beds of the Planorbis zone, as usually exhibited in Leicestershire, are here present, resting on disturbed Upper Rhætic grey, sandy marls, with the usual septariform nodules. The writer defers, however, the full consideration of this portion until certain sections, now in progress, are united to give the proper sequence. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 16. : The following Papers and Reports were read : 1. Probable Extension of the Seas during Upper Tertiary Times Taking into consideration the position and nature of all the outliers of Upper Tertiary age, the author is led to the following conclusions as to the extensien of the Neogenic seas in Western Europe. During Miocene times England was united to France, and we have proof of the existence of two seas in the western part of Europe; one on the east extended over part of Belgium (Bolderian system), Holland, and north of Germany-probably this sea was not very far off the eastern coast of England; the other sea, the Western, or old Atlautic Sea, was off Ireland, penetrating in various gulfs into France, as in some part of Côtentin, Brittany, in the Loire valley, in the gulf of the Gironde, but there was no way of communication with the Mediterranean basin crossing France. In North Spain there are no Miocene deposits, in Portugal Miocene beds are purely littoral. The communication with the Mediterranean Sea was certainly by the valley of the Guadalquivir. The Gibraltar Strait had not exactly its present place. The fauna of these Miocene coasts was warm and very similar to the existing fauna of Senegal and Guinea. We can divide Pliocene time into three periods, but the situations of the seas were not very different. England was always in direct continental communication with France, the English Channel was not open at all. All the Pliocene deposits of Belgium, North France, or England, even the Lenham beds, are on the side of the North-Eastern Sea; we find all these patches on the northern side of the great anticlinal line of the Artois, Boulonnais, and Weald. The fauna is different from the Miocene, and colder-it even turns more and more cold during the progress of Pliocene time. On the western or Atlantic side we have little gulfs leading the sea into the land, but not so frequently and not so far as during Miocene times. The Cornwall deposits, Côtentin beds, and the Brittany patches are very limited; the basin of the Gironde contains no trace of Pliocene beds, and we have no trace of recent marine beds at the foot of the Pyrenees. In the north of Spain there is also no trace of Pliocene beds. The continent seems to have been higher, and the Atlantic tolerably distant. All the Portuguese sands recently discovered are littoral, and only on the Algarve coast and south of Spain do we find proof of the probable communication with the Mediterranean. The Gibraltar Strait was not always in the same place during Pliocene time; in the beginning probably the Guadalquivir valley to Murcia continued to be the strait, but later the rock of Gibraltar was separated from Africa and a new road was open; this way was certainly deeper than the former one, and as deep as the existing strait. By this depression the cold fauna of the depths of the Atlantic penetrated into the Mediterranean Sea as far as Sicily and Italy with Cyprina Islandica. The geology of Morocco is unknown, but we have plenty of information on Algeria. We have there great Miocene deposits raised along the Atlas Chain up to a great altitude, and a little lower a good and very long band of Pliocene beds of marine and continental origin. Quaternary deposits, similarly continental and littoral, occur lying along the actual coast, pointing out the south side of the Mediterranean connection. In a few words, the English Channel has been opened very recently, and no sea occupied its place before. No sea has crossed France or central Spain, and we are obliged to seek for an outlet for the Eastern Sea during Miocene time by way of Germany, Galicia, and South Russia, or by the north of Scotland. During the existence of the Pliocene seas there was no other communication for the Crag seas than the northern one, for the western, the south, and eastern sides were undoubtedly shut in by land. 2. On the Present State of our Knowledge of the Upper Tertiary Strata of By E. VAN DEN BROEK. Belgium. 3. On the Discovery of Fossil Elephant Remains at Tilloun (Charente). By MARCELLIN BOULE. 4. On Earth Movements observed in Japan. By J. MILNE, F.R.S. 5. Reports on the Volcanic and Seismological Phenomena of Japan. See Reports, pp. 81, 113. 6. Final Report on the Volcanic Phenomena of Vesuvius. 7. Report on Earth Tremors.-See Reports, p. 184. 8. Interim Report on the Investigation of a Coral Reef. 9. Report on Geological Photographs.-See Reports, p. 404. 10. The Auriferous Conglomerates of the Witwatersrand, Transvaal. By FREDERICK H. HATCH, Ph.D., F.G.S. The general geological features of these now famous deposits are more or less familiar to most readers. The beds of the Main Reef Series' have been closely studied from one end of the Rand to the other, and are now being worked in an almost continuous series of prosperous gold-mining companies, the whole distance covered by mines in active operation amounting to forty-six miles. The beds have the usual characteristics of conglomerates, being composed of pebbles |