with some thousands of specimens of Southern Mollusca for every boreal shell we could discover. Among the extinct genera, a study of the more abundant forms also shows an equal preponderance of Southern types. Only one specimen of a truly Arctic shell, viz., Cerithiopsis lactea, has been met with in the Coralline Crag, but as to its correct identification Mr. Wood had considerable doubt. Professor Prestwich, on the contrary, believes that ice action had come into existence even at the commencement of the Coralline Crag era, resting his opinion on the occurrence of a block of porphyry in the basement bed at Sutton, which, however, was neither angular nor striated, but which he thinks could only have been transported either from Scandinavia or the Ardennes by floating ice. No ice, however, reaches our shores at the present day either from Belgium or Norway, and the winter climate of Northern Europe would have to fall considerably before this could take place. At present there is a difference of not less than 10° Fabr. between the temperature, both of the sea and the atmosphere, in the British and Mediterranean areas. Summary of the abundant and characteristic species of Mollusca Species of European Mollusca occurring abundantly in the Southern and not British (28 per cent.) British (rare) and Southern (35 per cent.) 51 British (characteristic) and Southern 91 143 2. On the Derivative Shells of the Red Crag. By F. W. HARMER, F.G.S It has been generally held by geologists, among whom may be mentioned Mr. Searles V. Wood, Professor Prestwich, Sir Charles Lyell, and Mr. Charlesworth, that a considerable number of the Mollusca found in the Red Crag are extraneous. Mr. Wood, in the supplement to his well-known Monograph expresses the opinion that 118 species have been derived from older deposits principally from the Coralline Crag. Professor Prestwich thinks that only 4 species are derivative, but his list contains 13 which Mr. Wood, on the contrary believes are Red Crag forms. There seems much, à priori, to support the derivative theory. The gre denudation to which the Coralline Crag has been exposed by the Red Crag se This and the previous paper will be published in the Geol. Mag the existence over a great part of the area of the Nodule bed, which is full of derivative fossils; and the fact that many of the shells supposed to be extraneousas, for example, Cassidaria bicatenata, Trophon alveolatus, Cassis Saburon, Trochus Adansoni, Ringicula buccinea, Cardita chameformis, C. orbicularis, C. scalaris, Astarte Basterotii, A. Burtinii, A. Omalii, Cyprina rustica, Gastrana laminosa, Panopea Faujasi, and others, are characteristic Coralline Crag species, and either southern or extinct forms, which seem out of place in a fauna as boreal as that of the Red Crag. On the other hand, M. E. van den Broeck, of Brussels, published in 1893 lists of fossils recently discovered in the Scaldisien and Poederlien beds of Antwerp (Zones à Trophon antiquum,' and 'à Corbula striata'), from which it appears that the species just named, and a number of other forms suppose to be derivative in the Red Crag. lived on to a period considerably later than that of the Coralline Crag, in the eastern part of the Anglo-Belgian basin. The fauna of the Scaldisien beds closely resembles that of the Walton Crag, while the Poederlien strata seem to be more nearly related to the Sutton zone of the Red Crag. Neither of these Belgian horizons contains the purely Arctic shells, Cardium grænlandicum, Leda lanceolata, and Tellina lata, or the Arctic and boreal species, Scalaria grænlandica, Natica grænlandica, and Natica clausa, which give its peculiarly northern character to the Butley Crag, so that it would seem that they are somewhat older than that deposit. Fifty out of Mr. Wood's list of 118 species, and 23 out of 46 regarded by Professor Prestwich as extraneous, occur in these horizons of the Belgian Crag. If these shells were living during the deposition of the Sutton bed, it seems more probable that a few individuals may have survived until the period of the Butley Crag than that they are derivative at that horizon. Some of the Red Crag shells, however, are no doubt extraneous. Five are Eocene forms, which are not found in the Coralline Crag; and there are 31 others which have been discovered only at Waldringfield or in the Nodule bed at Sutton, and neither in the Belgian nor the Coralline Crag, many of them being new to science, and most of them represented by unique specimens only. Although a great number of fossils, such as sharks' teeth, from Eocene strata are found in the Red Crag, very few specimens of Eocene Mollusca occur in it; and it seems still less likely that shells from the Coralline Crag, which are very much more fragile, could have been preserved, except as rare exceptions, during the denudation of that deposit by the Red Crag sea. 3. On the Stratigraphy of the Crag, with especial reference to the Distri bution of the Foraminifera. By H. W. BURROWS. Materials collected by the author during the past eight years, and some supplied by Professor Prestwich, have been examined by Messrs. H. W. Burrows, R. Holland, and F. Chapman; and contributions by Mr. F. W. Millett have also aided in the completion of Part II. of the Monograph of the Foraminifera of the Crag' (Palæontographical Society). I. From the Newer Pliocene Formation-or Upper Crag including the Norwich Crag and associated beds of Southwold, Thorpe, Bramerton, and Chillesford: there are altogether 29 species of common North Atlantic Foraminifera. II. In the Red Crag 20 species are known. III. The St. Erth beds of Cornwall, formerly noted by S. V. Wood, Jun, and R. G. Bell, and more recently by P. F. Kendall and C.Reid, are regarded as equivalent to a part of the Older Pliocene (Lower or Coralline Crag). The Foraminifera have been worked out by F. W. Millett, and amount to 163, of which 76 are met with ir the Coralline Crag. IV. Professor Prestwich (1871) and Messrs. S. V. Wood, Jun., and F. W. Harmer (1872) divided the Coralline Crag into two main divisions. These were subdivided by Prestwich into eight zones (h' to 'a'), about 83 feet altogether; and by Wood and Harmer into three groups, with an estimated thickness of 60 feet. The author then gave notes on several of the localities where exposures of these beds have been, or can still be seen; namely, beginning with the lowest zones:-1, Sutton and Ramsholt; 2, Broom Hill; 3, Sudbourne; 4, Tattingstone; 5, Sutton; 6, Gedgrave; at High House, Low Farm, and Ferry Barn; 7, Aldborough; E, Sudbourne, north-east of the church. The characters and thicknesses of the strata representing the several zones at these places were carefully detailed, and their most characteristic Foraminifera were enumerated and compared. V. The nodule-bed' at the base of the Crag, at Foxhall, was alluded to in its place. VI. The Lenham Beds of Kent were noticed as being equivalent to the Lower Crag and of Diestian age, as stated by Prestwich and confirmed by C. Reid. Some Foraminifera found by S. V. Wood in the Coralline Crag at Sutton and elsewhere were derived from much older Tertiary beds, namely, Orbitolites, Orbiculina, Alveolina, Peneroplis, Amphistegina, Nummulites, and Orbitoides. The most characteristic Foraminifer in the Coralline Crag is Polymorphina frondiformis, and it seems to be limited to England. The conclusions arrived at point to the constancy and determinability of the zones established by Prestwich. In the author's opinion the Mollusca also confirm the same zonal arrangement. Some remarks on the zonal and local distribution of several genera and species of Mollusca concluded this paper. 4. Note on a section at the North Cliff, Southwold. By HORACE B. WOODWARD, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. The recent damage done to the cliff at the north end of Southwold by the 'moderate gale' of last May is described below by Mr. J. Spiller. One result of the storm was the exposure of an interesting section along the lower portion of the cliff. The strata now seen comprise pebbly sands and shingle with a shell-bed, grouped by the author with the Norwich Crag; several masses of Chalky Boulder Clay, which formerly extended in one mass along the face of the cliff; a Freshwater Bed, consisting of greenish grey loam with freshwater shells and layers of gravel cemented into iron-pan,' overlaid by laminated peaty earth (age at present uncertain); and a Recent beach-deposit in which a human skeleton was found this year. This beach-deposit, which now forms part of the low cliff, consists of reassorted Boulder Clay, together with sand and shingle. The Freshwater Bed presents a synclinal structure, supported on either side by Boulder Clay. 5. On Recent Coast Erosion at Southwold and Covehithe. Owing to the prevalence of northerly winds, culminating in a moderate gale on May 16 last, the tide rose to an unusual height all along the east coast, and attacked the soft sandy cliff's between Dunwich and Covehithe, creating a new cove at the northern extremity of Southwold and sweeping away the roadway at the back of the beach to the extent of half an acre at this particular spot. The cliffs at Easton Bavents and Cove hithe likewise suffered considerably, and this loss being reported to Mr. W. Whitaker induced that gentleman to lend his maps with certain measurements noted thereon for the purpose of exact comparison. Thus provided the author walked over the ground and took fresh measurements at the several points along the route, which resulted in the determination of the amount of cliffwaste since 1882 and 1889, and this stated briefly was as follows: Easton Bavents, loss in six years Easton High Cliff, loss in thirteen years Feet 20 22 84 The accuracy of these observations was checked by Mr. Horace B. Woodward, and other indications observed conjointly proved that the general loss at Covehithe amounted to about 50 yards since the present Ordnance map was constructed. The lines of high and low water mark had manifestly altered. so that a fresh survey was necessary. Further details were given as to the nature of the rock sections laid bare and the transportation of the shingle; and the main facts were illustrated by photographs and a water-colour sketch of the new inlet formed at Southwold. [The author's communication was printed in full in the Supplement to the East Anglian Daily Times' of September 13, 1895.] 6. Observations on East Anglian Boulder Clay. By Rev. E. HILL, M.A., F.G.S. Some personal observations are described, and inferences from them suggested. The present effect of frost on clay shows that the grinding actions of land-ice need not be invoked. The comparative distributions of Kimmeridge clay and chalk, and also the intimate mixture of chalk-fragments with clay-matrix, are opposed to land-ice theories. A partially scratched fragment from the heart of the clay suggests flotation. The contour line of 300 feet includes little Chalk but much Boulder Clay, which is said to reach altitudes in the Midlands higher than any Chalk. This points to alteration in relative as well as absolute levels. A resemblance to some artificial clays suggests that the Boulder Clay may have been deposited rather rapidly. If so, the absence of life is no difficulty; neither is the alleged absence of stratification. These inferences would all agree with deposition in water, and with a tilt of the earth-surface. 7. Indications of Ice-raft Action through Glacial Times. By Rev. E. HILL, M.A., F.G.S. Over post-Glacial gravels lie sheets of Boulder Clay. In the Boulder Clay scratched stones, contorted sands at Sudbury, gravel and chalk at Claydon, the Roslyn Hill chalk at Ely, are best explained by transportation and dropping. In mid-Glacial sands, between Gorleston and Lowestoft, portions of Boulder Clay occur in the midst of the sands, as if dropped by ice-rafts. A majority of writers on the Cromer cliff's attribute the chalk masses in the Contorted Drift to icerafts. Thus through Glacial times are indications of ice-raft action. 8. On Traces of an Ancient Watercourse. A peculiar gravel occurring along a line of seven miles indicates an ancient brook. Though its hollow is in Boulder Clay, yet patches of like clay overlie the gravel, and probably have been carried down on to it in a frozen state. The nature of the gravel agrees with its having been formed on land little elevated. 9. Further Notes on the Arctic and Paleolithic Deposits at Hoxne. By CLEMENT REID, F.L.S., F.G.S., and H. N. RIDLEY, M.A., F.L.S. The exact relations of the deposit with Arctic plants discovered in 1888 (see British Association Report, p. 674) to the Paleolithic deposits and to the Boulder Clay in the same pit being still uncertain, the authors returned last spring, intending to pump out the water and examine the beds in place. This they were unable to do owing to the water being required for the brickyard; but by means of borings and an examination of the deposits above the water level they ascertained that the succession was probably as follows: Gravelly surface soil Brickearth: towards the base Valvata piscinalis, Sandy gravel, sometimes carbonaceous, with flint Peaty clay, with leaves of Arctic plants (?) Lignite, with wood of yew, oak (?), white birch, and Green calcareous clay, with fish, Valvata piscinalis, Boulder clay. The authors suggest the appointment of a committee to continue this work, as Hoxne is apparently the best locality in the Eastern Counties for ascertaining the relation of Palæolithic man to the Glacial epoch. The seeming occurrence of a temperate flora between the morainic deposits and the clays with Arctic plants should also be investigated and decided beyond question. 10. Some Suffolk Well-sections. By W. WHITAKER, F.R.S. FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 13. The following Papers and Reports were read :— 1. On Pitch Glaciers or Poissiers. By Professor W. J. SOLLAS, D.Sc., F.R.S. Pitch and the ice of glaciers strikingly resemble each other in behaving as solids and liquids, according to their manner of treatment. On the sudden application of force they break like brittle material, but yield like fluids when subjected to gradual pull or pressure. Hence it is possible to employ pitch in the construction of working models of glaciers in order to obtain an insight into those internal movements of actual glaciers which are beyond the reach of direct observation. The study of glacial deposits has shown that many erratic boulders were transported during the Glacial period upwards from lower to higher levels, and left stranded on the flanks of mountains some hundreds of feet above their source. This standing difficulty in the way of physical theories of glacier movement has been explained by the study of pitch models, which show that the lower layers of material on approaching an obstacle are carried upwards in an ascending current. The inference, which is confirmed by other kinds of observation, is that similar movements take place in actual glaciers. Further, a glacier sometimes overrides its terminal moraine without disturbing it; and in one experiment this was exemplified, for pitch flowed for several months over a ridge of loose material without removing a particle cf it. A remark made by Professor Fitzgerald, to the effect that viscosity seemed merely to retard, and not to alter, the nature of the movement in the cases described led the author to experiment with less viscous material, such as Canada balsam and glycerine, and with concordant results. A trough containing Canada balsam flowing upwards over an obstacle under its own head of pressure was shown by the lantern projected on the screen. A raised model of Ireland has been constructed, and the directions of icemovement, as determined by the Rev. Maxwell Close, indicated upon it by |