2. At Rossall Point, where about 420 feet has been washed away since the 1844-45 Survey.

The coast at both of these places is, generally speaking, low, with sand and shingle foreshore and no rocks.

The amount of erosion varies so much that I have been unable to arrive at a satisfactory average for each 6-inch sheet, but in attached list are given the maximum amounts of erosion at each place, and on accompanying 6-inch sheets (21, 27, 28, 22, 38, 37, 42, 58, 59, and 67) the present coast line is shown in red, where it differs materially from the old, with some measurements of the extent of encroachment at those points marked. The measurements in all cases are taken from traces, except for Sheets 58 and 67, where the coast line was not replotted.

I may add that the gain of land along this coast is, owing to the extensive reclamation in the Ribble estuary and the construction of the Furness Railway, probably far greater than the loss occasioned by erosion. There is also a slight gain at · places near Barrow, due to slag from ironworks being tipped in the sea, forming embankments. (To accompany Capt. Meeres's Report of July 23, 1892.)

6 inch

Sheet

10

Remarks

Maximum
Erosion in
Feet

No appreciable change

Slight changes in coast line of sandhills, but not of
importance

Slight erosion from Earnse Point to about 30 chains south,
and for a length of 30 chains at Tummershill, Rabbit
Warren

Considerable encroachment of sea. Maximum about 600
yards north of Trough Head. Groynes now erected where
shown on 6-inch map

Some erosion on the S.E. end of Walney Island, on the
South Coast .

At east extremity the coast lines are not well defined,
but there appears to have been erosion going on at
N.E. point, now a groyne near S.E. point
Some erosion from Rampside to Point of Comfort, and
slight amount from tomile south of Aldingham
Church

38

About 2 miles east of Fleetwood erosion for a length of
28 chains, and some more to the west of Fleetwood,
commencing at the west end of the town and extending
nearly to Rossall Point

132

196

37

A considerable encroachment of the sea at Rossall Point,
gradually diminishing to the south.

422

42

Continuation of above to about mile south of Rossall
School, except for a length of about 400 yards, opposite
Rossall School, where there is a substantial sea-wall and
no change in coast line

There are now groynes along this portion of the coast
No change of importance

263

58

59

A considerable encroachment extending from about 11
mile N.W. to about 1 mile S.E. of St. Anne's.

390

67

APPENDIX IV.

SECOND CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WORKS ON THE COAST-CHANGES AND SHORE-DEPOSITS OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

By W. WHITAKER, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C. E.

This being the final Report of the Committee, it is well that the bibliography in an earlier Report should be supplemented and continued. The 431 entries therein carried the list to the middle of 1886, and now 18 are added, from 1815 to 1885, 6 for 1886, and 52 from 1887 on, or 76 in all, bringing the total to 507, to which probably many additions can be made from local sources.

1815.

Kidd, Professor J. A Geological Essay. . . . chap. xxii. On the Action of the Sea upon the Land. (Ramsey, near St. David's, pp. 215, 216.) 8vo. Oxford.

Clarke, Rev. W. B. the County of Suffolk. . ton Naze) pp. 366, 367.

1840.

On the Geological Structure and Phænomena of . . Causes in Action. (Coast, Bawdsey to WalTrans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. v. p. 359.

1854.

Oldham, James. On the Physical Features of the Humber. Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1853, pp. 36-45, pl. 2.

1856.

Redman, J. B. Report on Sandown Castle. Together with a Letter from the Secretary of State for War to the Mayor of Deal. 8vo. Lond. [Printed at the War Office.]

1861.

Morton, G. H. On the Pleistocene Deposits of the District around Liverpool. (Refers to Submarine Forest.) Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. sess. 1, 2, p. 12.

1870.

Morton, G. H. Anniversary Address. (Refers largely to Submarine Forests.) Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. sess. 11, p. 3.

1872.

Ricketts, Dr. C. Anniversary Address. [Refers to Coast Deposits, &c.] Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. sess. 13, p. 3.

1874.

Reade, T. M. Tidal Action as a Geological Cause. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. sess. 15, p. 50.

1875.

Kinahan, G. H. Valleys and their Relation to Fissures, Fractures, and Faults. (Refers to S. Devon Coast, pp. 36, 37, 81; to Romney Marsh, pp. 206-208.) 8vo. Lond.

1876.

Sawyer, F. E. The Erosion of the Sussex Coast, with special reference to Great Storms which have visited the County. 23rd Ann. Rep. Brighton Nat. Hist. Soc. pp. 129-138 (imperfectly entered in earlier list).

Tylor, A. Denuding Agencies and Geological Deposition under the Flow of Ice and Water . . . and similar remarks on Marine Deposits, illustrated by the Irish Sea and the Chesil Beach. Geol. Mag. dec. ii. vol. iii. p. 90. Fuller abstract than in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxii. Proc. p. 4.

1879.

Edwards, G. The River Waveney did it ever reach the Sea viá Lowestoft 8vo. Lowestoft, pp. 20.

1880.

McDiarmid, W. R. Additional Note on the North-East Coast of Norfolk. Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. vol. iii. pt. 3, pp. 292, 293.

1882.

McDiarmid, W. R. Second Additional Note on the North-East Coast of Norfolk. Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. vol. iv. pt. ii. pp. 171-173.

1883.

Grantham, R. F. Land reclaimed from the Sea (with Discussion). Trans. Inst. Surv. vol. xv. pp. 297-324.

1884.

Shone, W. The Silting up of the Dee. Proc. Chester Soc. Nat. Sci. no. 3, p. 52.

Spratt [Rear-Admiral], T. A. B. Report on the Present State of the Navigation of the River Mersey. 8vo. Lond.

1885.

Blake, J. H. Geological Survey of England & Wales. Explanation. of Horizontal Sections, Sheet 128. [Kessingland, Pakefield, Corton. Refers to waste of coast, &c.] Dated 1884 on p. 1, but 1885 on p. 8. 8vo. Lond. pp. 8.

1886.

Dowson, A. Groynes on Shifting Beaches (Brighton). Engineer, vol. lxii. pp. 346, 347.

Price, F. G. H. The Landslip in the Warren near Folkestone. Mag. dec. iii. vol. iii. p. 240.

Geol.

Reade, T. M. Notes on a Bed of Fresh-water Shells and a Chipped Flint lately found at the Alt Mouth. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 137-139.

Redman, J. B. Tidal Approaches and Deep-water Entrances. Trans. Soc. Eng. pp. 143-168, pl. i.

Vernon-Harcourt, L. F. The River Seine. (Discussion. Refers to the Ribble, Humber, Mersey, Thames, and Tees, pp. 259, 260, 263, 264, 270-272, 285, 286, 291-296, 301-304, 308-312, 323, 324, 340, 341.) Proc. Inst. C. E. vol. lxxxiv. p. 210.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey, England and Wales. The Geology of the Country around Aldborough. Orford. . . . &c. (Coast, pp.

47-49, chiefly from J. B. Redman.) 8vo. Lond.

1887.

...

Alcock, Dr. T. Natural History of the Coast of Lancashire. (Notices the shore and waste of coast at Blackpool, Southport, &c., pp. 4, 5, 8-10, 16, 21.) 8vo. Manchester. Pp. 31.

Black, W. G. Brighton Beaches after Storms of October 15 and December 8, 1886. Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. vol. v. pt. 3, p. 399.

Dickson, E. Notes on the Excavations for the Preston Docks. Proc Liverpool Geol. Soc. vol. v. pt. iii. pp. 249-256.

George, I. E. Notes on some weathered Rocks at Hilbre. Trans. Liverpool Geol. Assoc. vol. vii. pp. 92–94.

Hunt, A. R. The Action of Waves on Sea Beaches and Sea Bottoms. [Lecture to Torquay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1883.] Torquay Directory, November. Jukes-Browne, A. J. Memoirs of the Geological Survey. England and Wales. The Geology of East Lincolnshire. . . . (Submerged Forest, Blown Sand, pp. 109-112.) 8vo. Lond.

Miles, C. E. The Mersey Estuary. Trans. Liverpool Geol. Assoc. vol. vii. pp. 85-89.

Norman, M. W. A Popular Guide to the Geology of the Isle of Wight. Svo. Ventnor. The Red Beach, pp. 173-176. Landslips

and loss of land, pp. 181-194.

Penney, W. Denudation of the Coast at Handfast Point, called in Captain Sherringham's Chart of Poole Harbour, Standfast Point. (Dorset Field Club.) Poole and Bournemouth Herald, September 15.

Potter, C. On the Sand-dunes of the Cheshire Coast.

pool Geol. Assoc. vol. vii. pp. 28–33.

Trans. Liver

Whitaker, W. Memoirs of the Geological Survey. England and Wales. The Geology of Southwold, and of the Suffolk Coast from Dunwich to Covehithe. (Ccast Deposits, Waste of the Coast, pp. 45–51.) 8vo. Lond.

1888.

Curtis, R. H. The Cornish Blown Sands. Nature, vol. xxxviii. no. 968, p. 55.

Dickson, E. Geological Notes on the Preston Dock Works and Ribble Development Scheme. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. vol. v. pt. iv. pp. 369– 376, 2 plates.

Hunt, A. R. The Raised Beach on the Thatcher Rock its Shells and their Teaching. Trans. Devon. Assoc. vol. xx. pp. 225-253. Morton, G. H. [President's Address.] Local Historical, Post-Glacial and Pre-Glacial Geology. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. vol. v. [See pp. 307, 315-324.]

pt. iv. p.

303.

Stanlow, Ince, and Frodsham Marshes. Ibid. pp. 349-351. Potter, C. Antiquities of the Meols Shore. Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancash. Chesh., vol. xl. p. 143.

1889.

Gill, Francis. Dungeness. The Protection of the Roadstead essential to the Navigation of the British Channel and the Defence of the South Coast. 8vo. pp. 27.

Groves, T. B. The Erosion of the Coast near Weymouth by the Action of the Sea. Proc. Dorset Field Club, vol. x. pp. 180-186. Morton, G. H. Further Notes on the Stanlow, Ince, and Frodsham Marshes. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. vol. vi. pt. i. pp. 50-55. Picton, Sir J. A. Notes on the Local Historical Changes in the Surface of the Land in and about Liverpool. Ibid. pp. 31-42.

Potter, C. On some Facts in connection with the Geology of the Mersey Basin. Journ. Liverpool Geol. Assoc. vol. viii. pp. 37-39.

Rye, Walter. Cromer, Past and Present, with an Appendix on the Geology, by C. Reid. 4to. Norwich and Lond.

Shore, T. W. Beds exposed in the Southampton New Dock Extension. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1888, pp. 672, 673.

Shore, T. W., and J. W. Elwes. The New Dock Excavation at Southampton. Hants Field Club. Papers, no. iii. pp. 43-56, pl. i.

Whitaker, W. Memoirs of the Geological Survey. England and Wales. The Geology of London and of Part of the Thames Valley. Vol. i. Coast-waste, pp. 476, 498. Shore-deposits, p. 478. 8vo. Lond.

1890.

Research, vol. ii. p. 225.

Cole, E. M. Coast Erosion in Yorkshire.
Gattie, G. B. Memorials of the Goodwin Sands.
Svo. Lond.

(Chaps. i. ii.)

Grantham, R. F. The Encroachment of the Sea on some Parts of the English Coast, and the best Means of arresting it. (Sussex.) Trans. Inst. Surveyors, vol. xxii. pt. xii. pp. 337-366. Plate.

Tizard, T. H. The Thames Estuary. Nature, vol. xli. pp. 539-544.

1891.

Anon. The Contest for the Coast. 241-243.

Chambers' Journal, vol. viii. pp.

Aytoun, R. Securing the North Cliff, Scarborough. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol. cv. pp. 295-297, pl. 8 (sections).

Browne, R. G. M. As to certain Alterations in the Surface-level of the Sea off the South Coast of England. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1891, pp. 824, 825.

Eliot, Whately. The North Sea-Wall and Royal Albert Drive, Scarborough. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol. cv. p. 289, pl. 8 (sections). (See pp. 289, 293.)

1892.

Cole, E. M. The erosion of the Yorkshire Coast. Naturalist, pp. 103-107.

Holmes, T. V. Notes on the Site of Hastings. Science Gossip, no. 326, pp. 32-35.

Stock, T. Somersetshire Sand-Tots: Their Geological History. Ibid. no. 328, pp. 75–77.

1893.

Blake, Rev. J. F. The Landslip at Sandgate. Nature, vol. xlvii. pp. 467-469.

The Sandgate Landslip. The Surveyor, vol. iii. pp. 199-201. Cole, E. M. Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast. Naturalist, pp. 142–144.