Wales, are more injurious and extensive than is generally apprehended."

IRRIGATION. This operation is repeatedly mentioned, incidentally, in different sections of the work. Mr. Vancouver appears to be fully aware that much depends on the specific quality of the water, applied to the purpose of irrigation. He speaks highly of the waters of the Mole and the Bray; two brooks in the northern part of North Devonshire. But he does not specify the substrata out of which they issue. Indeed, his ideas on the subject, at the time he wrote, were, it is evident, insufficiently mature, to write on it with profitable intelligence.

MANAGEMENT of ESTATES.-The following remarks are so justly made, that I willingly give them a place, here.P. 80. It is believed, that in no part of England are the care and management of estates so generally deputed to the superintendance of attornies and other unqualified persons, as in the county of Devon: in what view their education, professional pursuits, and habits, can be deemed qualifieations for the important duties of land agent, is not easily to be understood; particularly, as the essential endowments of the latter are so widely different from those of law agents, whose exclusive attention should be directed to the title. Different, however, are the qualifications for a land steward, for it is to him, and him only, that we must look for projecting, directing, and carrying into execution such works as the nature of the estate requires, and by the most economical and judicious means, effecting the permanent improvement of his employer's property.'

TENANCY.-Covenants of Repairs.-P. 88. "The repairs of the farm-houses, such as walls, floors, roofs and doors, are usually done by the landlord; all others, except the finding of stuff for gates, rails, and posts, are performed by the tenant; it has, however, been generally noticed, that the tenant for years keeps his occupation in repair, being first put in that condition by the landlord at the commencement of the lease. The cottages are also generally kept by the tenant farmer in repair."

WOODLAND S.

ON woods, whether of timber or coppice, I have de

tected, in the Report under examination, nothing that demands particular mention.

On the practice of propagating woods, I arrest the sub

joined passage; which I know contains much truth.-P. 263. "It would afford the author of this Report much pleasure, to be able to dwell at some length on the principal articles of this section; but so little attention has been paid by the inhabitants of this district," (North Devon.)" in the culture of forest trees, that excepting those plantations only that have been made by Lord Fortescue, on the old limeworks at Filleigh, the plantations of Mr. Basset, of Watermouth, and a small grove chiefly of the pine tribe, raised by the Reverend Mr. Sweet, of Kentsbere, the cultivation of deciduous or ever-green trees is seldom seen extending beyond the pleasure-grounds or homesteads of the inhabitants; where they have been planted for the purpose of ornament, a little shade, or shelter."

Under the present head, may be mentioned the well matured EXOTIC TIMBER GROVES of Mamhead; which stand on an elevated stage,-facing the east, -on the western bank of the estuary of the Exe.

P. 260. "In Lord Lisburne's park, at Mamhead, the ever-green oak, acacia, or black locust of North America; the double flowering ash, wainscot, or white oak of North America; cork tree of Portugal, Russian moss, and American red oak, seem all to flourish with peculiar excellence; as do also the cedar of Lebanon, spruce, Scotch, and silver firs, with many other native and exotic plants of great variety."

AGRICULTURE.

FARMS.-P. 100. “It is extremely difficult to speak

with any degree of certainty on a subject in which there is so wide a range for the striking an average, with respect to the extent of the occupations of a country, which vary from 10l. to 400l. a year; in general, however, it may be stated, that persons who come within the description of what may be called farming tenantry of the district, rent or otherwise occupy from 200 to 300 acres of land, the greater part of which is subject to a system of up-and-down husbandry, and to which is generally attached a small proportion of permanent pasture, and of marsh or meadowland."

OCCUPIERS.-The subjoined extract evinces much natural good sense; and extensive knowledge of the superior class of English farmers.

P. 430." With regard to a farther dissemination of knowledge

ledge among the farmers, however fashionable it may be to stigmatize them as ignorant and obstinate, because they do not adopt the wild theories and hypothetical opinions of modern writers on husbandry, still, so far as the observation of the Surveyor extends generally, he has met with but few instances of that invincible ignorance so commonly asserted, or of any judicious and actual improvement being made clear to the judgment of the farmer, that he has not gradually and ultimately adopted. In truth, the farmer has by far too much at stake, to be easily seduced from the course of husbandry pursued by his forefathers, and which, by his own practice, has yielded to him the means of raising his family, paying his rent, tradesmen's bills, and meeting the parochial payments, to forego the certain means of procuring these supplies in order to pursue a different system of management, dressed up in all the parade of science, and altogether in a language he does not comprehend; but let the advantages of a superior management be once demonstrated to his understanding by a series of beneficial results, and there is an absolute certainty of his soon becoming a convert to the better practice."

OBJECTS of HUSBANDRY." North Devon." - P. 139. "The proportion of tillage to the enclosed grass-ground in this district, may be stated as one part in eight, that is, seven parts of enclosed grass-ground to one part in corn, or in preparation for it by fallow, turnips, and potatoes; out of this seven-eighths, there is estimated to be only oneeighth under permanent pasture, marsh, and meadow; hence seven-eighths of the whole enclosed country are subject to a convertible system."

P. 209. "It has been already observed, that about oneeighth part of the enclosed cultivated lands in this district are annually under corn crops, or in preparation for them. The remainder will always be found lying in permanent pasture, or subject to such a course of tillage as the caprice of the occupier may choose, either as to the time he may keep the land open, or the course of crops he may employ it with."

WORKPEOPLE.-Servants.-P. 361. "The general rule in hiring servants, is to engage them at Christmas, to come home the Lady-day following, and to continue in service until that time twelvemonth. The usual wages to the head man, or carter, is 107. per annum, with board, washing, and lodging. The inferior departments of his establishment are often filled by parish apprentices."

Parish Prentices.-P. 359. "Some difference of opinion was met with in the course of the Survey, as to the general utility of this system, but the reasons stated for its continu

ance

ance appeared so much to outweigh what was urged against it, that in the judgment of the Suveyer, he can neither withhold his concurrence to the general principle, or forbear to recommend its adoption in other parts of England."

Laborers.-P. 361. "The wages of the out-door labourer is 7s. per week, winter and summer, and from a quart to three pints of drink daily; even in hay-time and harvest, these wages are not increased, although the additional exertions at those seasons are amply compensated by board, and very extraordinary drinks and sittings over ale and cider. To these wages must be added the standing supply of bread-corn; of wheat at 6s. and barley at 3s. per bushel."

Hours of Work.-P. 363. "The hours of work are from seven to twelve, and from one to between five and six."This idle custom is not confined to North Devoushire.

On the Education of Farm Workpeople.-P. 465. "From the first dawning of that gracious benevolence which issued spontaneously from the bosoms of their present Majesties, in promoting the instruction of the poor by the establishment of Sunday Schools, the Surveyor has looked forward with a sort of dread to the probable consequences of such a measure. If the illumination of the peasant mind would make him more moral, better satisfied with his state and condition of life, and on all occasions more desirous of excelling in the exercise of those duties his peculiar situation in society dooms him to perform, much private satisfaction and public benefit would naturally result from such institutions. This however can easily be demonstrated as not likely to be a consequence of thus opening the peasant mind to a contemplation of situations in life, that can have no other possible effect than that of rendering him dissatisfied with his own. That this is an incontrovertible truth, is clear, from the conduct of the peasantry of Ireland; all of whom but slightly acquainted with the English language, are instructed to read and write; and thence springs the cause of that general restlessness of character, and of the numbers that annually ship themselves as redemptioners to different parts of the United States of North America."

And well it is, for Ireland and America, that they do so. The one is overstocked with the class that furnishes workpeople; the other wants enlightened workmen. Of slaves and savages it has enow.

The unlettered Irish stay at home,-to riot, plot, and murder; to commit acts of "treason, stratagem, and spoil;" or emigrate to England,➡to revel, awhile, in outrage, and be hanged.

After

After some other groundless arguments, the Reporter sums up, in Italics,-and with the aid of foreign tongues,in the following ultra-royal manner.

P. 468. "In short, the peasant's mind" (this is Russian) "should never be inspired with a desire to amend his circumstances by the quitting of his cast;" (this is Hindoo) " but every means the most benevolent and feeling heart can devise, should be employed to make that situation as comfortable and as happy to him as possible; and to which end nothing more essential could contribute, than by exciting a general emulation to excel in all their avocations, even to those of breaking stones for a lime kiln, or for repairing the highways. Hear! Hear!-this is English.

Good Heaven! And is there an Englisman (or a Dutchman-they are brothers in sentiment) with nerve enough to write the two first lines above quoted!!! He surely could not know that many men of " the brightest genius," and,― who are much more estimable members of a community,many GREAT AND GOOD MEN have, in England, been moulded and nurtured in the "peasant cast" !

Fortunately for society, in England, the writer's exotic notions have not taken root. Seminaries, for civilizing the children of the laboring classes, have been rapidly encreasing, under the "gracious benevolence" of ROYAL PATRONAGE, since his barbarian doctrine was promulgated.

In a civilized nation, EARLY SCHOOLING tends to reclaim children from savage propensities; and to prepare them for civilized society; inculcates a PROPRIETY OF BEHAVIOUR,— one of the very first lessons a child should be induced to learn,-in a civilized nation*.

Attendance in a school enures children to a requisite degree of restraint, and a division of time; employs their minds, and prevents idleness, and other vicious habits, from taking root-thus tending to raise them to the rank of RATIONAL BEINGS.--While the unfortunate offspring of indigence, that are suffered to loiter away their early days, on commons, in lanes, and bye places, acquire habits, of indolence and piifering; give a loose to their own wills, and unrestrained tempers; commit acts of MISCHIEF; and add to them the GUILT of LYING (the seedbud of FRAUD); to skreen them from correction.

The discipline of a well governed school impresses, on youthful minds, SUBORDINATION, INDUSTRY, PATIENCE, and its consequent, PERSEVERENCE; and thus habituates them to RECEIVE INSTRUCTIONS. WORKING

In the savage state, savage manners may be deemed a virtue; as being, in that state, conducive to self-preservation.