men having passed through the village to the alarm of its inhabitants, and the hiding of their valuables from plunder.

As to the deacon's choosing, which gave a general holiday in the village, I give the copy of an article taken from the Glasgow Mercury of 10th August, 1780, from an Englishman, in illustration of the state of society in Partick in these days. This was furnished ine through a friend by Mr. Reid (Senex). "Returning on the evening of Friday last from a pleasant excursion through the country side beyond Dumbarton, I arrived at Partick, a village in the neighbourhood, where I was not a little astonished to see a great number of decent people and country gentlemen, not fewer, I presume, than 2,000, gathered together about the town. Upon inquiry I found this vast multitude was assembled to choose a Preses for the Ancient Society of Millers upon the Kelvin. I at first looked upon such a scheme as trifling, but when given to understand that their funds are considerable and well managed, and that a large sum thereof is annually distributed to a number of poor and infirm people in the neighbourhood. I was soon prejudiced in favour of this respectable corporation, and waited, though not without apprehension from such a concourse, till their whole business was transacted, when a great majority of votes were in favour of a gentleman of property hard by; and the parties, though keen at first, dismissed to my agreeable surprise without any altercation or disturbance whatever, but with an air of satisfaction and of good will to each other,—a circumstance not always to be met with among my own countrymen on the other side of the Tweed, where even at country meetings, in choosing of a Parliament man, I have often seen the assembly not near so manageable nor the candidates more respectable than these here."

Calico printing and dyeing were carried on in Partick for a very long time back. Where Messrs. Tod and M'Gregor's works now stand, a print and dyeing work existed from the earliest period I could trace (my inquiry extending upwards of 100 years), and carried on by men of considerable note. Papalon, the introducer of turkey red into this country, rented these works, and dyed turkey reds there; and the works were either wholly or in part burned while in his possession. The present weaving factory was built for calico printing; but the projector not being able to furnish the fittings for more than one flat, he very soon became insolvent. At that time this house

became connected with the history of the two first churches in Partick. For several years some of the lay brethern belonging to the Independent body, among whom was M'Gavin, known as The Protestant, had preaching in a school-room in the village. This school-room being found too small, permission was obtained to use one of the floors of the factory; at this time John Campbell, now of the Tabernacle, London, preached there while a student, and so successfully, that regular service was carried on at the usual hours on Sabbathday. The congregation becoming numerous, and losing the privilege of meeting in the factory, they resolved on building a meetinghouse, but then the question naturally arose, to what body this house should belong? The Independents were too few to form a party, and the result was, the erection of two churches-Relief and United Secession-now the two U.P's.

At this time, about 1823, the population of the village was given at 1,900; but the erection of Mr. Walker's bleaching work, and the occupation of the weaving factory by the Lancefield Spinning Company, gave the first great impulse to the progress of Partick. Previous to this period the principal trade for men was handloom weaving, and for females, sewing and agricultural labour, which soon gave place to the public labour of these factories. But however much these changed the kind of labour of the village and advanced it, it is little when compared with what the boatbuilding and other correlative labour has produced.

Let us take the two periods, 1823 and 1861, and extract from them the elements of time, and say that in Partick, a quiet rural village of 1,900 inhabitants were living happy and contented, as they had done for centuries before, but there came in amongst them from all directions upwards of 8,000 people, who threw down their huts and filled up the middens and ditches that surrounded them, converted their fields and gardens into streets and crescents, took their daughters and sons into marriage, and so acting and disposing themselves, in defiance of old customs, that before they were settled down only a few of the original 1,900 inhabitants were left to tell the tale, that a little country village was transmuted into a prosperous burgh, emulating successfully in its manufactures the greatest cities in the world. Such is often the way we read history-the events of an age being told in a few lines-by which the element of time is overlooked, and we are thus

led to wonder how people could survive such revolutions, but when allowing time its proper place the wonder ceases. Although all these changes have taken place in Partick-changes unparalleled in this locality-still it has taken thirty-eight years to produce it. Partick in 1823 had 1,900 inhabitants, in 1861 11,000, with a rental of upwards of £34,000.

Such are a few brief notes respecting Partick, which could have been greatly extended but for the taxing of your patience, which I am afraid has already been held too long in tension.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE GLASGOW ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

NO. XVI.

GLASGOW, 1st December, 1862.

DR. SCOULAR gave an address on "The Necessity of Collecting the Crania found in Ancient Tumuli." In the lecture he demonstrated that if the crania from the cairns and barrows belonged to different races and were constant in their characters, then by their aid we could ascend a step higher in our researches where philological studies were unable to aid us. He stated that, although by far the greater part of the population of Europe were of Aryan or IndoEuropean descent, yet we found emerging from below the recent stratum detached portions of a more ancient race. The tribes of this original race, called Allophyllian by Dr. Prichard, were recognised in the Basques or Euskarians of France and Spain, and in the Finnei tribes of the east shores of the Baltic and the north of Russia. The same phenomenon was observed in India, where the Hindoos had driven the older race before them. It would be interesting to ascertain if, before the arrival of the Celts, this older race had inhabited the British Island; but on this question we had no historic or philological data. It hence became an important inquiry to ascertain whether we can derive assistance from any other source, and the only one open to us was a thorough investigation of the remains found in the oldest tumuli. The success of this method depended very much on ascertaining whether the crania of the Allophyllian and Aryan races were distinguished by well marked characters, by a comparison of the crania of the modern Aryan and that of the Finlander of the present day, as was easily seen in the elongated and oval cranium of the Swede, and the shorter and square head of the Fin. When we examine the crania from tumuli we find the same distinction of elongated and square heads. The inquiry, however, was only commenced, and the time for positive results had not yet arrived. A chronological classification of the tumuli was an essential preliminary, and it would be desirable to show some parallelism between the tumuli and their other contents and that of the crania.

NO. XVII.

GLASGOW, 5th January, 1863.

DR. SCOULAR gave some "Historical Notes on the Modes of Ancient Interment." He stated that at a time when the remains found in ancient tumuli were attracting so much attention, it was of importance to collect any traditional information which could be obtained respecting them. Ireland is the only country in Europe which has preserved any records of the Pagan modes of sepulture. Since the introduction of Christianity into that island, about the year 438, until the present day, Ireland has been in possession of an uninterrupted national literature, which gives us an insight into the usages of Pagan times. In these Irish writings, whether chronicles or poems, we find notices of every place of note, whether of fortified sites or places of sepulture. It is a strong presumption of the accuracy of these writings, many of them composed a thousand years since, that in all topographical details they are strictly correct, and easily verified. The countries of the kings of different races and ages were well described; as these sepulchres still existed we could easily ascertain the fidelity of the old writings. It is remarkable that the oldest of these indicate the greatest amount of labour and the most elaborate workmanship. Such are what may be called the Tuath de Dannan sepulchres, of which magnificent remains are to be seen in the vicinity of Drogheda. They consist of immense mounds covering stone galleries of cyclopian workmanship, which remained unmolested from a period long before the Christian era until the ninth century, when they were violated by the Danes.

The more modern cromlins of the Scots race consist of a collection of mounds of much smaller size, and the mound of Daltic, the Pagan king contemporary with St. Patrick, with its monumental pillar stone, is still to be seen at Rath Cragan in the county of Roscommon. An excellent account of these monuments is to be found in Dr. Petrie's work on the Round Towers.

It is remarkable that the Pagan modes of interment did not cease immediately after the introduction of Christianity, but continued to