duel in which the Swedish guns were vastly superior.89 The Austrians had taken up a position on the right bank of the river, between Augsburg and Rain, and on the night of April 3, Gustavus threw up earthworks upon which he mounted 72 pieces of artillery. The enemy were forced to retire by a converging fire, and he gained the passage of the river. With Frederick of the Palatinate in his train, the king entered Munich in triumph, a city which Hepburn knew as a subaltern in the Scottish bands of Sir Andrew Gray, and of which he was now made military governor.

The merits of the quarrel between Gustavus and Hepburn which deprived the Protestant leader of the services of his ablest general before the battle of Lützen have never been ascertained. It is sad to have to recall this unhappy termination of their friendship, but whether it was the outcome of a taunt regarding Hepburn's religion, which was Catholic, or the extreme magnificence of his armour and apparel is not very material at this date. At all events the haughty Scot took offence at some real or imagined slight, and vowed never to unsheath his sword in the service of Sweden again. He remained on, however, to perform some hazardous work for his master against Wallenstein on the Altenburg, and there was an affecting parting between him and the Scottish officers who accompanied him for a mile on the road. Within a month of his departure Gustavus fell. The Scots Brigade, having lost heavily at Nürnburg, were not present at Lützen, though Alexander Leslie and several officers of Mackay's regiment were with the king at the end. There was no need, however, for leadership at this supreme moment, for each individual Swede fought with furious courage to avenge him. 'Life falls in value, since the holiest of all lives is gone; and death has now no terror for the lowly, since it has not spared the anointed head.' Such is Schiller's tribute to the romantic devotion of the victorious army.

Hepburn's last years were spent in the wars of France, where he gained the friendship and esteem of Richelieu, and fought under the Cardinal Duke de la Valette and the great Turenne, then at the outset of his career, against his old enemies the Imperialists. Before he reached his fortieth year this brave soldier of fortune was shot in the trenches at the Siege of Saverne, assisting Duke Bernard of Weimar, on July 8, 1636, and his death was universally mourned. In his distress at the news Richelieu wrote a touching letter to Valette, extolling the worthi39 Article on Artillery in Encyclopaedia Britannica.

D

ness of his character and deploring his loss, which had affected him so sensibly that he found it impossible to receive any comfort.

40

While Hepburn, Ramsay, Ruthven, Mackay, King, Alexander Leslie and Robert Monro were the principal officers serving the Swede,' the military achievements of three other Scottish colonels stand out conspicuously. What Gustavus would have done without Alexander Hamilton's guns, especially at the passage of the Lech, it is difficult to say. Dear Sandie,' as he was called, was half-brother of the first Earl of Haddington and a celebrated artillerist. He had workhouses at Urbowe or (Örebro) in Sweden, which Lord Reay and Monro visited in 1630, and he invented 'cannon and fireworks for his Majesty.' Gustavus recognised the need of mobile field artillery and used iron 4-pounder guns, weighing about 5 cwt. and drawn by two horses, whilst Tilly's weapons were cumbrous 24-pounders, each requiring 20 transport horses, and 12 horses for the waggons. The service of his guns was primitive and defective, but the Swedes obtained rapidity of fire by the use of cartridges in place of the old method of ladling the powder; and as two of their light guns were attached to each regiment, they had a distinct advantage over the Imperialists who had difficulty in moving their artillery during the course of an action. Hamilton returned home about 1635, and joined the Covenanters ; and his guns were mainly responsible for the defeat of Lord Conway, who opposed the Scots under Leven at the passage of Newburn-on-Tyne.

42

The officer in command of Lord Reay's Highlanders, who were slaughtered at New Brandenburg, was Lieutenant-Colonel John Lindsay, grandson of David, tenth Earl of Crawford. In March, 1631, Tilly with 15,000 troops arrived before the town, where General Kniphausen was stationed with 2000 men.48 His garrison included about 600 Highlanders under Lindsay, who, although in his twenty-eighth year, had seen much service, having been dangerously wounded at the Siege of Stralsund. Gustavus ordered Kniphausen to retire, as the place being in a wretched condition of defence was not worth holding against such fearful odds. The message miscarried. For nine days the heroic defenders kept the Austrian veteran at bay. At length the town, 40 An Old Scots Brigade, p. 88. As to Hamilton's guns in the Civil War see Cromwell's Army, by C. H. Firth, 1902 (passim).

41 Article on Artillery in Encyclopædia Britannica. 42 The Scots Peerage, vol. iii., 1906, p. 30.

43 Gustavus Adolphus, by C. R. L. Fletcher, p. 158.

after a desperate struggle, was taken, and the entire garrison, except the commander, his wife and daughter, and about sixty men, were barbarously massacred. Lindsay fell in the breach, fighting to the last with a pike in his hand, his tartaned soldiers slain in a heap around him. In the town records he is singled out as the Scottish nobleman Earl Lindz,' who defended his post long after all other resistance had ceased. According to Monro the first men over the ramparts at Frankfort-on-the-Oder to avenge this slaughter were Major John Sinclair and his lieutenant Heatley. They placed their backs against the wall and resisted the attack of the enemy's oncoming horsemen with a handful of musketeers until relieved. Sinclair was the third son of George, fifth Earl of Caithness, and he obtained the temporary command of Mackay's famous regiment when Monro returned to Scotland to procure recruits. He was killed at Newmarke in the Upper Palatinate in 1632, his place being taken by Major William Stewart, brother of the Earl of Traquair. Lamenting the loss of his friends during the war, Monro writes thus: Shortly after him (i.e. his own brother, Colonel Monro of Obstell) my dear Cosen and Lieutenant-Colonel John Sinclaire being killed at Newmark, he did leave me and all his acquaintance sorrowfull, especially those brave Heroics Duke Barnard of Wymar and Feltmarshall Horne, whom he truly followed and valourously obeyed till his last houre; having much worth he was much lamented, as being without gall or bitternesse.' His epitaph in Latin by Joannes Narssius is prefixed to Monro's remarkable narrative. GEORGE A. SINCLAIR.

The Hospitallers in Scotland in the Fifteenth
Century

THE

HE Knights of S. John of Jerusalem, and their brethren the Templars, were popular Orders in their early history, and as fighting forces of trained warriors their services during the Crusades and in support of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem are recognised as valuable, and would have been still more so but for the jealousy and frequent quarrels between them.

When the Spanish Jew, Benjamin of Tudela, visited the Holy City, somewhere about the year 1170, during the time when the Order of the Hospital was governed by its fourth Grand Master, he found its special work both in war and peace being efficiently performed. He says The city contains two buildings, from one of which the hospital-there issue forth four hundred knights; and therein all the sick who come thither are lodged and cared for in life and in death.' He then goes on to refer to the Templars quartered in the Temple of Solomon who numbered, according to Benjamin, three hundred knights, and issued therefrom every day for military exercise.' 1

2

About twenty years before Benjamin's visit to Jerusalem the Hospitallers had been introduced into Scotland, and had established their preceptory at Torphichen in East Lothian. The earliest charter evidence takes us back to the year 1160, during the reign of Malcolm IV., when Richard of the Hospital of Jerusalem and Robert, brother of the Temple, appear on record.

1 Adler, Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, p. 22.

2 Transactions of Glasgow Archaeological Society, vol. iii. (N.S.), 313 ff.

Regist. St. Andrews, p. 207. It is true that in the alliterative Morte Arthure there

'Comez a templere tyte, and towchide to be kynge,'

and we also have a Hospitaller in

'Raynalde of pe Rodes and rebell to Criste,

Pervertede with paynyms þat Cristen persewes,'

but romance and history are not synonymous.