overlapping, and that occasionally the form of the arch was preserved by the intervention of a rough coat of mortar. This used to be apparent even in the vaults of the chapel, and may still be seen in the mural galleries and staircases.

Against the east wall of the Keep, a large rectangular building, now an armourer's shop, was constructed, it is said, by Edward III.; since when, it has been raised a story, and otherwise so completely altered, that nothing can be made out of its original details. The lower walls are thick, and its south-east angle seems to have been rounded off, perhaps as a turret. It encloses a narrow court, whence a part of the east face of the Keep may be inspected. It is evidently an addition, and had nothing to do with any raised or covered entrance to the Keep. The way through it into "Little Ease" is modern, and vaulted in brick.

The INNER WARD is enclosed within a curtain-wall, having four sides, twelve mural towers, and a gatehouse. The base or longest side faces the river. The east and west sides incline inwards, so that the north face is narrower than the base. This face is broken by an obtuse angle, having a central salient.

The level of much of this enclosure is 15 to 20 feet above that of the outer ward. Possibly part of the clay from the ditch, excavated by Longchamp, was here piled up. By reason of this difference, the lower part of this ward wall is a revetment, retaining the ground along the west and north, and part of the south and east fronts. The inequality is seen at the

gate-house, the passage through which rises one foot in ten to the middle of the ward; and, at St. Martin's staircase, at the north-east corner. Where the palace stood, from Wakefield to Salt tower, the levels are nearly equal. This ward is much encumbered with buildings, some of the age of Henry VIII., some later, while others have been lately removed. No doubt this ward was always thus occupied, as the Tower was a depôt for all sorts of military stores, and a residence for petty officers of the Court and garrison. In 1213, King John ordered to be salted and hung up "bacones nostros qui sunt apud Turrim ;" and, in 1224, he drew upon the Tower for thirty dolia of wine; so that pigstyes and wine-stores formed a part of its contents. Lead, and the more expensive building-materials, were also kept here.

The Church of St. Peter ad Vincula, mentioned in the reign of John, and rebuilt in the late Perpendicular period, still occupies the north-west quarter of the ward. In the south-east quarter stood the Royal Palace, destroyed, at various times, by James, Cromwell, or after the Restoration. The keep in Norman castles was intended rather for the occasional than the regular residence of the lord, whose ordinary lodgings were more conveniently placed in the inner ward. This was so at Rochester, in 1281, at Bamborough, Carlisle, Porchester, and elsewhere. Here the palace stood between the Keep and the ward wall, and, besides, had walls of its own; one crossing from Wakefield tower to the Keep, where were drum-towers and a gateway known as Cold Harbour, and another

called the Wardrobe gallery, crossing from Broad Arrow tower to the Keep, and having upon it Wardrobe tower, also circular, with a circular turret. The Queen's gallery extended from Salt to Lanthorn tower, on the line of the curtain, and the great hall was connected with Wakefield tower. The whole space was occupied by small courts and gardens, lodgings, and offices; and the buildings in the reign of Henry III. seem to have encroached upon the outer ward, where were two posterns for the service of the palace. These buildings, after the manner of royal houses, were always under repair; and seem to have absorbed much of the money expended on the Tower. The mainguard-house stands on the site of Cold Harbour, and the ordnance office on that of the Queen's gallery and great hall. Norman masonry is said to have been discovered in the foundations of the latter office. In the earlier surveys, the palace quarter is called the "Inner Ward." Cold Harbour was probably very lofty; for, in 1572, complaint was made that Sir Owen Hopton, the lieutenant, allowed his prisoners to meet and walk on the "leads of Cold Harbour ;" and, on the 29th December, the Earl of Southampton staid leaping upon the tower, his wife being on the opposite side of the ditch.

Of the twelve mural towers of this ward one caps each of the five angles. Two were intermediate on the south face, as two still are upon the east, and two upon the north, one on each side of the salient. The west, or shortest face, has one large intermediate tower. The gate-house, called the Bloody tower,

stands considerably west of the centre of the south front, and opposite to Traitor's gate. It is contiguous to Wakefield tower, which flanks it on the east, and probably determined its position and that of Traitor's gate.

Commencing with Wakefield, and passing westwards, the towers are, Bloody, Bell, Beauchamp, Devereux, Flint, Bowyer, Brick, St. Martin's, or Jewel, Constable's, Broad-Arrow, Salt, and Lanthorn tower, now destroyed.

Wakefield tower deserves very close attention, its lower story being next to the keep in antiquity. It is also known as the Record tower; records having been

kept there from an early period until a short time ago. In the survey of Elizabeth it is called the Hall tower

from its proximity to the royal hall, destroyed during the Commonwealth.

It is in plan a cylinder of 50 ft. diameter, and is about 50 ft. high. Its projection from the line of the south curtain is about 22 ft. Whether it was originally intended to cap an angle, is uncertain. No doubt the curtains from Lanthorn tower on the east and Cold Harbour on the north abutted upon it on two faces, and were coeval with it; but it is unknown whether the third curtain from the west, now replaced by the Gatehouse, was of the same date; and, in fact, whether the original design included the present inner ward.

This tower has two, and had three stages. The basement, the floor of which is upon the ground-level, contains an octagon chamber, 23 ft. from face to face, with walls 13 ft. 6 in. thick. In each face is a recess, 6 ft. broad, having a semicircular head, the edge of which has a double chamfer with an angular recess between. The northern and the three southern recesses are 8 ft. deep, and have a flat end also 6 ft. across, so that there is no splay. In the end is an opening, roundheaded, and about 4 ft. across, which contracts rapidly to a loop-hole. The north-east and north-west recesses are 7 ft. and 6 ft. deep, and are blank, without loops. The west recess is only 2 ft. 6 in. deep, and was probably closed when the Bloody tower was built. The eastern recess is the present entrance, but the curtain must have abutted on this side, so that it is not improbable that the original entrance was in the northeastern recess. The chamber is, however, so dark,