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north. Where the gallery traverses the window recesses, the vault is raised a step. In this gallery, in the south wall of the state-room, are the coupled windows already described as escaped from by Flambard. This was the royal council-chamber, at least as

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late as the reign of Richard III. Here Charles of Orleans, and probably John of France, were confined. And hence Edward Lord Hastings, the celebrated Chamberlain, was taken from the council-board to

execution.

The vertical section of the Keep, upon a line east and west, looking south, and here given, shows on the ground floor "Little-Ease," and the lower store-room; on the first floor, the chapel crypt, and the upper store-room. On the second floor is the chapel nave and aisle, and the lower armoury; on the third floor, the chapel triforium and space above the vault, and the upper armoury or council-chamber.

The Chapel, dedicated to St. John the Evangelist, is a rare, if not a singular example of such an apartment, so large and so complete, in the original and interior arrangements of a Norman keep. It is in plan a rectangle, 40 ft. by 31 ft., terminating eastward in a semicircular apse of its full breadth; its extreme length, therefore, with this addition, being .55 ft. 6 in.

It is divided into a nave and aisles, the latter being continued as a chevet round the east end of the former.

The nave, 14 ft. 6 in. broad, and 40 ft. long, has an eastern apse, giving 7 ft. 3 in. additional for the altar. It is divided from the aisles by four columns, and a western respond or half-column, on each side; and by four columns which contain the apse. The whole support thirteen arches. The columns are cylinders of 2 ft. 6 in. diameter, and 6 ft. 6 in. high, with plain torus bases resting upon a square stone of two stages, giving, with the base, an additional 20 inches. The capitals vary in pattern, some being plain cushion, others a combination of four cushions, giving a scalloped or invected outline in the elevation, others

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again are chamfered at the angles, and others finished with a stiff rude volute of an Ionic aspect.

The capitals of the eight eastern columns are unfinished, having a block in the form of a Tau, or cross-potent, upon each face, evidently intended to be carved into the usual central flower of a Corinthian capital; and the astragal is set round with a row of stiff upright feathers, like a plume. Each capital has a plain abacus, with varieties of the half-round, ogee, and hollow mouldings, excepting the western responds, of which the faces of the abaci are cut into the star-pattern found in early Norman work. Beneath is a light cable bead. These capitals vary from 34 in. to 40 in. square, and are 22 in. high, so that from the floor to the top of each is 10 ft. Each capital is a single block, and each abacus a single slab.

The thirteen arches springing from these capitals in the nave, are 7 ft., and in the apse, 2 ft. 9 in. diameter. The five apsidal arches are stilted, the rest semicircular, the crowns of all being level. The whole are perfectly plain openings in a 22 in. wall, without chamfer or rib.

Twenty inches above these crowns is a plain chamfered string-course, and upon this the arcade of the triforium, each arch being exactly above, and of the same diameter with, that below. These arches spring from piers 30 in. square, and 4 ft. 3 in. high, without either base or cap. As the apsidal arches are not stilted, the piers are taller, so that the crowns still range.

The nave roof is a barrel vault, commencing imperceptibly at the crown level of the triforial arches, and ending eastwards in a semi-dome. The height to the crowns of the nave arches is 13 ft. 6 in., to those of the triforium 23 ft. 9 in., and to the crown of the vault 32 ft. The vault abuts against the west wall, in which is a plain round-headed recess, 18 in. deep, 12 ft. diameter, and 13 ft. 6 in. high.

The aisle is 6 ft. 6 in. broad. Opposite to each nave column is a flat pilaster, advanced three steps from the wall surface, and having a plain chamfered abacus, or string-cap, and from each springs a broad flat rib. The aisle is thus divided into thirteen bays, four on each side, and five in the chevet, the sides of these latter being convergent. Each bay is hipvaulted, the vaults being groined, and entirely in rubble work. The aisle is 13 ft. 6 in. high. The wall of each bay is recessed, and the recesses form an arcade. In the southern recesses are four windows, of which two open between, and two upon the exterior pilaster strips. also have windows, one two doors: one in the north aisle, opening into the eastern room on the third stage of the Keep, and one in the west wall of the south aisle, leading by a short mural gallery to the well-stair in the south wall, and into the great or western chamber of the Keep.

Four of the five apsidal bays being to the east. There are

The triforium is 7 ft. 6 in. diameter. It is a mere plain gallery, without pilasters, string-course, or moulding of any kind, 8 ft. high to the spring of its side barrel-vault, which gives 3 ft. 9 in. more.

In its south wall are three windows, one opening in the face of an outer pilaster; and in the apse are five. In the north wall, and at the west end of the south limb, are the openings of the mural gallery which surrounds the Keep at this, the council-chamber level; the chapel, as has been stated, rising through the two upper stories to the roof. The walls of the aisle are 4 ft. thick; of the west and east ends, 5 ft. Of the triforium, the north, south, and east walls are 4 ft., and the west wall 5 ft. 6 in. thick.

This, the earliest and simplest, as well as most complete Norman chapel in Britain, must have witnessed the devotions of the Conqueror, and his immediate descendants; the church, when afterwards built, having evidently been intended rather for the garrison at large than for the Sovereign. The upper gallery, communicating with the state-rooms, was, no doubt, as was often the case in domestic chapels, intended for the principal persons, the household occupying the floor below. Always architecturally plain, the walls were probably painted and hung with tapestry, and the eastern windows contained stained glass, placed there, with other ornaments, by the piety of Henry III.

Henry also, in 1261, on the death of his sister-in-law, Saunchia, Countess of Cornwall, wife of his brother Richard, charged upon the Exchequer, in favour of the adjacent Hospital of St. Katherine, fifty shillings per annum for the support of a chaplain, here to pray for her soul; he having already, 1240-1, provided a similar endowment for the sustenance of a regular

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