Tower. How these materials were divided is not known. Windsor probably received the chief share of them.

In 1354 the king proposed to alter the constitution of the chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula at the Tower, and incorporate it as a college with a dean and three canons, instead of a rector and chaplains. This, however, does not seem then to have been effected, as both Richard II. and Henry IV. nominated a rector to the "Free Chapel of St. Peter." The actual incorporation did not come to pass until the last year of the reign of Edward IV. It was in 1354 proposed that the standards of weight and measure should be kept at the Tower; and this year the king ordered the city ditch to be cleansed, and prevented from overflowing into the Tower ditch. In Stowe's time the filth was taken off by a sewer from the city ditch.

Appointments of armourers, bowyers, engineers of the war-slings, &c., show that the store of weapons of war continued to be considerable. In 33 Edw. III. all the bows, strings, arrows, "hancipes (two-handed winches) pro balistis tendendis," in the custody of W. Rothercl, in the Tower, were to be packed in chests, quivers, butts, pipes and barrels, and sent to Sandwich to cross the water with the king. In 1360-2 various sums were spent in repairs of the king's record-house in the Tower containing the Chancery Rolls; probably the Wakefield tower.

A balista was an engine for throwing darts as a catapult threw stones and heavy substances. Both were worked by windlasses or winches.

Richard II. fulfilled the usual custom of lodging a short time in the Tower before his coronation, that he might proceed in state to that ceremony through the city. Here also he took refuge during Wat Tyler's rebellion, after which Arnold Brocas was paid 31. 6s. 8d. for repairing the door broken open by the common rebels within the Tower. In 1380-1 a code of regulations was drawn up for the better government of the place. In 1385-6 cannon were sent hence to Porchester. In 1387 Richard came here to escape his uncle the Duke of Gloucester, and at Christmas in that year he was blockaded by the rebel lords, to whom he gave audience within the fortress.

Two years later, in 1389, it was from the Tower that the king went to hold a great feast and tournament in London; and here, in 1396, his new queen, Isabel of France, was lodged before her coronation. Here, finally, Richard signed his abdication in favour of Henry of Lancaster. No work at the Tower can positively be attributed to this reign, or the succeeding one of Henry IV.

It appears from the Issue Roll and the Pell records of the 1 Hen. V., that breakfast was provided at the Tower at a cost of 21. 16s. 8d., for Thomas Earl of Arundel, Henry le Scrop, LORD DE Roos, and the mayor of London, commissioners for trying traitors. This was William, seventh baron, ancestor of the present lieutenant-governor, whose ancestors on the male side-the Fitzgeralds-also frequently partook of the hospitality of the Tower, though in the less agreeable capacity of prisoners.

Henry V. revived the old glories of the prison by sending hither Charles Duke of Orleans, taken at Agincourt. An illumination of the period, given by Lord de Ros, shows the duke to have been lodged in the state rooms in the White tower, and shows also the four windows of the Great Hall, which adjoined Wakefield tower on the east.

The strong monarchs employed the Tower as a prison, the weak ones as a fortress; and, under Henry VI., it appears in this latter capacity. In 1460, Lord Scales, the king's governor, was besieged by the Earl of Salisbury, Lord Cobham, and Sir John Wenlock. The city men attacked the west front; Wenlock, from St. Katherine's; and Cobham, with the artillery, from the Southwark shore, firing across the river. When the south ditch was cleared out and levelled in 1842-3, several round shot of iron, and about thirty of Kentish rag-stone, from 4 to 10 in. and in one case 17 in. diameter, were found, which are supposed to have fallen there on this occasion.

Edward IV. is reputed to have built a bulwark outside the west gate by the Lion tower. In the 11th of his reign payments were made for arms and ammunition for the defence, and for work upon the fortifications of the Tower. The workmen were brought from Calais. In the same year money was allowed for the expenses of Henry VI., then prisoner in the Tower. Richard III., during his brief reign, pressed masons and bricklayers to complete certain repairs at the Tower.

Probably the walls and towers were allowed to decay by Henry VII.; for Henry VIII., in 1532, ordered a

survey to be made with a view to a general repair, which was executed shortly afterwards. The repairs were very considerable, and the masonry was executed in Caen stone backed with brick, and, unfortunately, very much of the Tower seems to have been so faced or cased, and otherwise very seriously altered. The survey is very minute, and throws light on much that is now destroyed. Mention is made of "Burbedge tower," on the wall between Bowyer and Brick towers, evidently the present Brick tower, the then "Brick" being the present Martin tower. "St. Martin's" tower was then The present

the outer gate, now "Middle" tower. Salt tower was then Julius Cæsar's tower, and the older Lanthorn tower was called New tower. Wakefield is called "the tower where the king's records lie," and

Bloody" was then Garden tower. "Byward" was "the Wardyng gate." Two timber bridges, evidently drawbridges, were to be renewed at the west entrance. The keep was then, as now, the White tower, distinguished by its four turrets.

Byward tower had a narrow escape in 1548. A Frenchman who lodged in "the round bulwark called the Warden gate, between the west gate and the postern, or drawbridge," blew up the bulwark, and himself, with gunpowder. It was rebuilt. There was also in this reign of Edward VI. a drawbridge between Iron and Traitors' gate, evidently Cradle tower. This was used for the reception of great prisoners, the strong iron gate (St. Thomas's) being almost out of

use.

The buildings of the palace probably had fallen into

decay in the reign of Elizabeth, by whom, or by James, the Great Hall was removed. Other buildings followed. Many were destroyed by Cromwell, and many by James II., to make room for a new Ordnance office, and the remains of the Lanthorn tower were taken down late in the last century. The White tower underwent a final disfigurement at the hands of Sir C. Wren in 1663, who Italianised its openings, cased a part of its exterior, and rebuilt two of its turrets. Sir Christopher's work may be traced throughout the fortress by the Portland stone introduced by him, just as the work of Henry VIII. is indicated by the use of brickwork and rough-cast, and the practice of closing the joints of the masonry with chips and spawls of flint. The ditch was cleansed in 1663, and the quay refaced.

The Tower, at the commencement of the present century, was an extraordinary jumble of ancient and later buildings, the towers and walls being almost completely encrusted by the small official dwellings by which the area was closely occupied. A great fire in 1841 removed the unsightly armoury of James II. and William III. on the north of the inner ward, but the authorities at the time were not ripe for a fire. The armoury was replaced by a painfully durable Tudor barrack, and the repairs and additions were made with little reference to the character of the fortress. More recently the general improvement in public taste has made its way even into the Tower. Mr. Salvin has been appointed its architect, and Lord de Ros its lieutenant.