L

Swedish plants and of varieties: which latter, in ordi- Linnærs nary gardens, amount not unfrequently to one-third of the whole number. The preface contains a curious history of the climate at Upsal, and the progress of the seasons throughout the whole year.

Linnus. the professorship at Upsal, to accept the offer that had been made to him by Haller of filling the botanic chair at Gottingen. However, in course of time, he obtained his wish. In the year 1741, upon the resignation of Roberg, he was constituted joint professor of physic, and physician to the king, with Rosen, who had been appointed in the preceding year on the death of Rudbeck. These two colleagues agreed to divide the medical departments between them; and their choice was confirmed by the university. Rosen took anatomy, physiology, pathology, and the therapeutic part; Linnæus, natural history, botany, materia medica, the dietetic part, and the diagnosis morborum.

During the interval of his removal from Stockholm to Upsal in consequence of this appointment, our professor was deputed by the states of the kingdom to make a tour to the islands of Oeland and Gothland in the Baltic, attended by six of the pupils, commissioned to make such inquiries as might tend to improve agriculture and arts in the kingdom, to which the Swedish nation had for some time paid a particular attention. The result of this journey was very successful, and proved fully satisfactory to the states, and was afterwards communicated to the public. On his return he entered upon the professorship, and pronounced before the university his oration de Peregrinationum intra Patriam necessitate, October 17. 1741; in which he forcibly displays the usefulness of such excursions, by pointing out to the students that vast field of objects which their country held out to their cultivation, whether in geography, physics, mineralogy, botany, zoology, or economics, and by showing the benefit that must accrue to themselves and their country as rewards to their diligence. That animated spirit which runs through the whole of this composition, renders it one of the most pleasing and instructive of all our author's productions.

Linnæus was now fixed in the situation that was the best adapted to his character, his taste, and abilities; and which seems to have been the object of his ambition and centre of his hopes. Soon after his establishment, he laboured to get the academical garden, which had been founded in 1657, put on a better footing, and very soon effected it; procuring also a house to be built for the residence of the professor. The whole had been in ruins ever since the fire in 1702; and at the time Linnæus was appointed professor of botany, the garden did not contain above fifty plants that were exotic. His correspondence with the first botanists in Europe soon supplied him with great variety. He reHe received Indian plants from Jussieu of Paris, and from Van Royen of Leyden; European plants from Haller and Ludwig; American plants from the late Mr ColJinson, Mr Catesby, and others; and variety of annuals from Dillenius in short, how much the garden owed to his diligence and care in a few years, may be seen by the catalogue published under the title of Hortus Upsaliensis, exhibens Plantas exoticas horto Upsaliensis Academiæ à sese (Linnæo) illatas ab anno 1742, in annum 1748, additis differentiis synonymis, habitationibus, hospitiis, rariorumque descriptionibus, in gratiam studiosæ juventutis; Holm. 1748, 8vo. pp. 306. tab. 3. By this catalogue it appears, that the professor had introduced 1100 species, exclusively of all the

From the time that Linnaeus and Rosen were appointed professors at Upsal, it should seem that the credit of that university, as a school of physic, had been increasing numbers of students resorted thither fron Germany, attracted by the character of these two able men; and in Sweden itself many young men were invited to the study of physic by the excellent manner in which it was taught, who otherwise would have engaged in different pursuits.

Whilst Linnæus was meditating one of his capital performances, which had long been expected and greatly wished for, he was interrupted by a tedious and painful fit of the gout, which left him in a very weak and dispirited state; and, according to the intelligence that his friends gave of him, nothing was thought to have contributed more to the restoration of his spirits than the seasonable acquisition, at this juncture, of a collection of rare and undescribed plants.

The fame which our author had now acquired by his Systema Natura, of which a sixth edition, much enlarged, had been published at Stockholm in 1748 in 8vo. pp. 232, with eight tables explanatory of the classes and orders (and which was also republished by Gronovius at Leyden), had brought, as it were, a conflux of every thing rare and valuable in every branch of nature, from all parts of the globe, into Sweden. The king and queen of Sweden had their separate collections of rarities: the former at Ulricksdalil; the latter, very rich in exotic insects and shells, procured at a great expence, at the palace of Drottningholm; both of which our author was employed in arranging and describing. Besides these, the museum of the Royal Academy of Upsal had been augmented by a considerable donation from the king, whilst hereditary prince, in 1746; by another from Count Gyllenborg the year before; by a third from M. Grill, an opulent citizen of Stockholm.

From this time we see the professor in a more elevated rank and situation in life. His reputation had already procured him honours from almost all the royal societies in Europe; and his own sovereign, truly sensible of his merit, and greatly esteeming his character and abilities, favoured him with a mark of his distinction and regard, by creating him a knight of the Polar Star. It was no longer laudatur et alget. His emoluments kept pace with his fame and honours: his practice in his profession became lucrative; and we find him soon after possessed of his country house and gardens at Hammarby, about five miles from Upsal. He had moreover received one of the most flattering testimonies of the extent and magnitude of his fame that perhaps was ever shown to any literary character, the state of the nation which conferred it, with all its circumstances, duly considered. This was an invitation to Madrid from the king of Spain, there to preside as a naturalist, with the offer of an annual pension for life of 2000 pistoles, letters of nobility, and the perfect free exercise of his own religion: But, after the most perfect acknowledgments of the singular honour done him, he returned for answer, E 2

• that

Linnaeus. that if he had any merits, they were due to his own country.'

In the year 1755, the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm honoured our professor with one of the first premiums, agreeably to the will of Count Sparree, who had decreed two gold medals, of ten ducats value each, to be annually given by the academy to the authors of such papers, in the preceding year's Stockholm Acts, as should be adjudged most useful in promoting agriculture particularly, and all branches of rural economy. This medal bore on one side the arms of the count, with this motto, Superstes in scientiis amor Frederici Sparree. Linnæus obtained it in consequence of 3 paper De Plantis quæ Alpium Suecicarum indigena, magno rei œconomica et medice emolu mento fieri possint: and the ultimate intention was to recommend these plants as adapted to culture in Lapland. This paper was inserted in the Stockholm Acts for 1754, vol. xv. Linnæus also obtained the præmium centum aureorum, proposed by the Imperial Academy of Sciences at Petersburgh, for the best paper written to establish or disprove, by new arguments, the doctrine of the sexes of plants. It was, if possible, an additional glory to Linnæus to have merited this premium from the Petersburgh academy; inasmuch as a professor of that society, a few years before, had with more than common zeal, although with a futility like that of the other antagonists of our author, endeavoured to overturn the whole Linnæan system of botany, by attempting to show that the doctrine of the sexes of plants had no foundation in nature, and was unsupported by facts and experiments.

It appears that Linnæus, upon the whole, enjoyed a good constitution; but that he was sometimes severely afflicted with a hemicrania, and was not exempted from the gout. About the close of 1776, he was seized with an apoplexy, which left him paralytic; and at the beginning of the year 1777, he suffered another stroke, which very much impaired his mental powers. But the disease supposed to have been the more immediate cause of his death, was an ulceration of the urinary bladder; of which, after a tedious indisposition, he died, January 11. 1778, in the 71st year of his age. -His principal other works, beside those already mentioned, are, The Iter Oëlandicum et Gotlandicum, Iter Scanicum, Flora Suecica, Fauna Suecica, Materia Medica, Philosophia Botanica, Genera Morborum, different papers in the Acta Upsaliensa, and the Amœnitates Academica. The last of this great man's treatises was the Mantissa Altera, published in 1771; but before his death he had finished the greatest part of the Mantissa Tertia, afterwards completed and published by his son.

To the lovers of science it will not appear strange, nor will it be unpleasant to hear, that uncommon_respect was shown to the memory of this great man. We are told," that on his death a general mourning took place at Upsal, and that his funeral procession was attended by the whole university, as well professors as students, and the pall supported by sixteen doctors of physic, all of whom had been his pupils." The king of Sweden, after the death of Linnæus, ordered a medal to be struck, of which one side exhibits Linnæus's bust and name, and the other Cybele, in a dejected attitude, holding in her left hand a key, and surrounded

with animals and growing plants; with this legend, Linnæus. Deam luctus angit amissi; and beneath, Post Obitum Upsalice, die x. Jan. M.DCC.LXXVIII. Rcge jubente.— The same generous monarch not only honoured the Royal Academy of Sciences with his presence when Linnæus's commemoration was held at Stockholm, but, as a still higher tribute, in his speech from the throne to the assembly of the states, he lamented Sweden's loss by his death. Nor was Linnæus honoured only in his own country. The late worthy professor of botany at Edinburgh, Dr Hope, not only pronounced an eulogium in honour of him before his students at the opening of his lectures in the spring 1778, but also laid the foundation stone of a monument (which he afterwards erected) to his memory, in the botanic garden there; which, while it perpetuates the name and merits of Linnæus, will do honour to the founder, and, it may be hoped, prove the means of raising an emulation favourable to that science which this illustrious Swede so highly dignified and improved.

As to the private and personal character of this il lustrious philosopher: His stature was diminutive and puny; his head large, and its hinder part very high; his look was ardent, piercing, and apt to daunt the beholder; his ear not sensible to music: his temper quick, but easily appeased.

Nature had, in an eminent manner, been liberal in the endowments of his mind. He seems to have been possessed of a lively imagination, corrected however by a strong judgment, and guided by the laws of system. Add to these, the most retentive memory, an unremitting industry, and the greatest perseverance in all his pursuits; as is evident from that continued vigour with which he prosecuted the design, that he appears to have formed so early in life, of totally reforming and fabricating anew the whole science of natural history; and this fabric he raised, and gave to it a degree of perfection unknown before; and had moreover the uncommon felicity of living to see his own structure rise above all others, notwithstanding every discouragement its author at first laboured under, and the opposition it afterwards met with. Neither has any writer more cautiously avoided that common error of building his own fame on the ruin of another man's. He everywhere acknowledged the several merits of each author's system; and no man appears to have been more sensible of the partial defects of his own. Those anomalies which had principally been the objects of criticism, he well knew every artificial arrangement must abound with; and having laid it down as a firm maxim, that every system must finally rest on its intrinsic merit, he willingly commits his own to the judgment of posterity. Perhaps there is no circumstance of Linnæus's life which shows bim in a more dignified light than his conduct towards his opponents. Disavowing controversy, and justly considering it as an unimportant and fruitless sacrifice of time, he never replied to any, numerous as they were at one season.

To all who see the aid this extraordinary man has brought to natural science, his talents must appear in a very illustrious point of view; but more especially to those who, from similarity of tastes, are qualified to see more distinctly the vast extent of his original design, the greatness of his labour, and the elaborate execution he has given to the whole. He had a happy com

mand

that elector. It is seated on the river Rhine, in E. Long. 7. 1. N. Lat. 50. 31.

LINUM, FLAX; a genus of plants belonging to the pentandria class; and in the natural method ranking under the 14th order, Gruinales. See BOTANY Index.

LINUS, in classical history, a native of Colchis, contemporary with Orpheus, and one of the most ancient poets and musicians of Greece. It is impossible, at this distance of time, to discover whether Linus was the disciple of Orpheus, or Orpheus of Linus. The majority, however, seem to decide this question in favour of Linus. According to Archbishop Usher, he flourished about 1280 B. C. and he is mentioned by Eusebius among the poets who wrote before the time of Moses. Diodorus Siculus tells us, from Dionysius of Mitylene the historian, who was contemporary with Cicero, that Linus was the first among the Greeks who invented verses and music, as Cadmus first taught them the use of letters. The same writer likewise attributes to him an account of the exploits of the first Bacchus, and a treatise upon Greek mythology, written in Pelasgian characters, which were also those used by Orpheus, and by Pronapides the preceptor of Homer. Diodorus says that he added the string lichanos to the Mercurian lyre; and ascribes to him the invention of rhime and melody; which Suidas, who regards him as the most ancient of lyric poets, confirms. Mr Marpurg tells us, that Linus invented cat-gut strings for the use of the lyre, which, before his time, was only strung with thongs of leather, or with different threads of flax strung together. He is said by many writers to have had several disciples of great renown; among whom were Hercules, Thiamyris, and, according to some, Orpheus.-Hercules, says Diodorus, in learning from Linus to play upon the lyre, being extremely dull and obstinate, provoked his master to strike him; which so enraged the young hero, that instantly seizing the lyre of the musician, he beat out his brains with his own instrument.

LION, in Zoology. See FELIS, MAMMALIA Index. LIONCELLES, in Heraldry, a term used for several lions borne in the same coat of arms.

LIOTARD, called the Turk, an eminent painter, was born at Geneva in 1702, and by his father was designed for a merchant; but, by the persuasion of his friends, who observed the genius of the young man, he was permitted to give himself up to the art of painting. He went to Paris in 1725, and in 1738 accompanied the marquis de Puisieux to Rome, who was going ambassador to Naples. At Rome he was taken notice of by the earls of Sandwich and Besborough, then Lord Duncannon, who engaged Liotard to go with them on a voyage to Constantinople. There he became acquainted with the late Lord Edgecumbe, and Sir Everard Fawkener, our ambassador, who persuaded him to come to England, where he staid two years. In his journey to the Levant he had adopted the eastern habit, and wore it here, with a very long beard. It contributed much to the portraits of himself, and some thought to draw customers; but he was really a painter of uncommon merit. After his return to the continent, he married a young wife, and sacrificed his beard to Hymen. He came again to England in 1772, and brought a collection of pictures of different masters,

which he sold by auction, and some pieces of glass painted by himself, with surprising effect of light and shade, but a mere curiosity, as it was necessary to darken the room before they could be seen to advantage; he affixed, too, as usual, extravagant prices to them. He staid here about two years, as in his former journey. He has engraved some Turkish portraits, one of the empress queen and the eldest archduchess in Turkish habits, and the heads of the emperor and empress. He painted admirably well in miniature; and finally in enamel, though he seldom practised it. But he is best known by his works in crayons. His likenesses were as exact as possible, and too like to please those who sat to him; thus he had great business the first year, and very little the second. Devoid of imagination, and one would think of memory, he could render nothing but what he saw before his eyes. Freckles, marks of the smallpox, every thing found its place; not so much from fidelity, as because he could not conceive the absence of any thing that appeared to him. Truth prevailed in all his works, grace in very few or none. Nor was there any ease in his outline; but the stiffness of a bust in all his portraits. Walpole.

LIP, in Anatomy. See there, N° 102.

Hare-LIP, a disorder in which the upper lip is in a manner slit or divided, so as to resemble the upper lip of a hare, whence the name. See SURGERY.

LIPARA, in Ancient Geography, the principal of the islands called Æolia, situated between Sicily and Italy, with a cognominal town, so powerful as to have a fleet, and the other islands in subjection to it. According to Diodorus Siculus, it was famous for excellent harbours and medicinal waters. He informs us also, that it suddenly emerged from the sea about the time of Hannibal's death. The name is Punic, according to Bochart: and given it, because, being a volcano, it shone in the night. It is now called Lipari, and gives name to nine others in its neighbourhood; viz. Stromboli, Pare, Rotto, Panaria, Saline, Volcano, Fenicusa, Alicor, and Ustica. These are called, in general, the Lipari Islands. Some of these are active volcanoes at present, though Lipari is not. It is about 15 miles in circumference; and abounds in corn, figs and grapes, bitumen, sulphur, alum, and mineral waters.

LIPARI, an ancient and very strong town, and capital of an island of the same name in the Mediterranean, with a bishop's see. It was ruined by Barbarossa in 1544, who carried away all the inhabitants into slavery, and demolished the place; but it was rebuilt by Charles V. E. Long. 15. 30. N. Lat. 38. 35.

LIPARI, properly, is the general name of a cluster of islands. These, according to M. Houel, are principally ten in number, the rest being only uninhabitable rocks of narrow extent. The largest and the most populous of them, that above mentioned, communicates its name to the rest. Volcano is a desert but habitable island, lying south from the large island of Lipari. Salines, which lies west-north-west from the same island; Felicudi, nearly in the same direction, but 20 miles farther distant; and Alicudi, 10 miles south-west of Felicudi; are inhabited. Pannari is east of Lipari, the famous Stromboli north-east, and both of them are inhabited.

The

Lipari. The rest are in a desert state; such as Baziluzzo, which was formerly inhabited; Attalo, which might be inhabited; and L'Exambianca, on which some remains of ancient dwellings are still to be found. L'Escanera is nothing but a bare rock.

The Fermicoli, a word signifying ants, are a chain of small black cliffs which run to the north-east of Lipari, till within a little way of Exambianca and Escanera, rising more or less above the water, according as the sea is more or less agitated.

Ancient authors are not agreed with respect to the number of the Lipari islands. Few of those by whom they are mentioned appear to have seen them; and in places such as these, where subterraneous fires burst open the earth, and raise the ocean from its bed, terrible changes must sometimes take place. Volcanello and Volcano were once separated by a strait, so as to form two islands. The lava and ashes have filled up the intervening strait; and they are now united into one island, and have by this change become much more habitable.

The castle of Lipari stands upon a rock on the east quarter of the island. The way to it from the city leads up a gentle declivity. There are several roads to it. This castle makes a part of the city; and on the summit of the rock is the citadel, in which the governor and the garrison reside. The cathedral stands in the same situation. Here the ancients, in conformity to their usual practice, had built the temple of a tutelary god. This citadel commands the whole city; and it is accessible only at one place. Were an hostile force to make a descent on the island, the inhabitants might retreat hither, and be secure against all but the attacks of famine.

The ancient inhabitants had also fortified this place. Considerable portions of the ancient walls are still standing in different places, particularly towards the south: Their structure is Grecian, and the stones are exceedingly large, and very well cut. The layers are three feet high, which shows them to have been raised in some very remote period. These remains are surrounded with modern buildings. The remains of walls which are still to be seen here, have belonged not only to temples, but to all the different sorts of buildings which the ancients used to erect. The vaults, which are in a better state of preservation than any of the other parts of these monuments, are now converted to the purpose of a prison.

In the city of Lipari there are convents of monks of two different orders; but there are no convents for women, that is to say, no cloisters in which women are confined; those, however, whose heads and hearts move them to embrace a state of pious celibacy, are at liberty to engage in a monastic life, with the concurrence of their confessors. They put on the sacred habit, and vow perpetual virginity, but continue to live with their father and mother, and mix in society like other women. The vow and the habit even enlarge their liberty. This custom will, no doubt, M. Houel observes, appear very strange to a French woman; but this was the way in which the virgins of the primitive church lived. The idea of shutting them up together did not occur till the fifth century. The life of these religious ladies is less gloomy than that which those under the same vows lead in other countries. They wear

In this island oxen of a remarkably beautiful species are employed in ploughing the ground. The ancient plough is still in use here. The mode of agriculture practised here is very expeditious. One man traces a furrow, and another follows to sow in it grain and pulse. The ploughman, in cutting the next furrow, covers up that in which the seed has been sown and thus the field is both ploughed and sown at once. Nature seems to be here uncommonly vigorous and fertile. Vegetation is here more luxuriant, and animals gayer and more healthful, than almost anywhere else.

Near the city of Lipari, the traveller enters deep narrow roads, of a very singular appearance. The whole island is nothing but an assemblage of mountains, all of them consisting of ashes or lava discharged from the depths of the volcano by which it was at first produced. The particles of this puzzolana, or ashes, are not very hard; the action of the rain water has accordingly cut out trenches among the mountains; and these trenches being perhaps less uneven than the rest of the surface, have of consequence been used as roads by the inhabitants, and have been rendered much deeper by being worn for so many ages by the feet of men and other animals. These roads are more than five or six fathoms deep, and not more than seven or eight feet wide. They are very crooked, and have echoes in several places. You would think that you were walking through narrow streets without doors or windows. Their depth and windings shelter the traveller from the sun while he is passing through them; and he finds them deliciously cool.

The first volcanic eruption in the Lipari islands mentioned in history, is that of which Callias takes notice in his history of the wars in Sicily. Callias was contemporary with Agathocles. That eruption continued without interval for several days and nights; and threw out great stones, which fell at more than a mile's distance. The sea boiled all around the island. The works of Callias are lost, and we know not whether he descended to a detail of particulars concerning the ravages produced by this eruption. Under the consulship of Emilius Lepidus and L. Aurelius Orestes, 126 years before the Christian era, these islands were affected with a dreadful earthquake. The burning of Ætna was the first cause of that. Around Lipari and the adjacent islands, the air was all on fire. Vegetation was withered; animals died; and fusible bodies, such as wax and resin, became liquid. If the inhabitants of Lipari, from whom our author received these facts, and the writers who have handed down an account. of them, have not exaggerated the truth, we must believe that the sea then boiled around the island; the earth became so hot as to burn the cables by which vessels were fixed to the shore, and consumed the planks, the oars, and even the small boats.

Pliny, the naturalist, speaks of another similar * Lib. ii. event which happened 30 or 40 years afterwards, in cap. 106. the