den, and appear again in some other place. They differed also in size and figure, sometimes spreading pretty wide, and then contracting themselves; sometimes breaking into two, and then joining again. Sometimes they would appear like waves, at others they would seem to drop sparks of fire: they were but little affect ed by the wind; and in wet and rainy weather were frequently observed to cast a stronger light than in dry weather: they were also observed more frequently when snow lay upon the ground, than in the hottest summer; but he was assured that there was not a dark night throughout the whole year in which they were not to be seen. The ground to the eastward of Bologna, where the largest of these appearances was observed, is a hard chalky soil mixed with clay, which will retain the moisture for a long time, but breaks and cracks in hot weather. On the mountains, where the soil is of a looser texture, and less capable of retaining moisture the ignes fatui were less.

From the best information which M. Beccaria was able to procure, he found that these lights were very frequent about rivers and brooks. He concludes his narrative with the following singular account: "An intelligent gentleman travelling in the evening, between eight and nine, in a mountainous road about ten miles south of Bologna, perceived a light which shone very strangely upon some stones which lay on the banks of the river Rioverde. It seemed to be about two feet above the stones, and not far from the water. In size and figure it had the appearance of a parallelopiped, somewhat more than a foot in length, and half a foot high, the longest side being parallel to the horizon. Its light was so strong, that he could plainly discern by it part of a neighbouring hedge and the water of the river; only in the east corner of it the light was rather faint, and the square figure less perfect, as if it was cut off or darkened by the segment of a circle. On examining it a little nearer, he was surprised to find that it changed gradually from a bright red, first to a yellowish, and then to a pale colour, in proportion as he drew nearer; and when he came to the place itself, it quite vanished. Upon this he stepped back, and not only saw it again, but found that the farther he went from it, the stronger and brighter it grew. When he examined the place of this luminous appearance, he could perceive no smell nor any other mark of fire." This account was confirmed by another gentleman, who informed M. Beccaria, that he had seen the same light five or six different times in spring and in autumn; and that it always appeared of the same shape, and in the very same place. One night in particular, he observed it come out of a neighbouring field to settle in the usual place.

A very remarkable account of an ignis fatuus is given by Dr Shaw in his Travels to the Holy Land. It appeared in the valleys of Mount Ephraim, and attended him and his company for more than an hour. Sometimes it would appear globular, or in the shape of the flame of a candle; at others it would spread to such a degree as to involve the whole company in a pale inoffensive light, then contract itself, and suddenly disappear; but in less than a minute would appear again; sometimes running swiftly along, it would expand itself at certain intervals over more than two or three acres of the adjacent mountains. The atmosphere from the

beginning of the evening had been remarkably thick Light. and hazy; and the dew, as they felt it on the bridles of their horses, was very clammy and unctuous.

Lights resembling the ignis fatuus are sometimes observed at sea, skipping about the masts and rigging of ships; and Dr Shaw informs us, that he has seen these in such weather as that just mentioned when he saw the ignis fatuus in Palestine. Similar appearances have been observed in various other situations; and we are told of one which appeared about the bed of a wo man in Milan, surrounding it as well as her body entirely. This light fled from the hand which approached it; but was at length entirely dispersed by the motion of the air. Of the same kind also, most probably, are those small luminous appearances which sometimes appear in houses or near them, called in Scotland Elfcandles, and which are supposed to portend the death of some person about the house. In general these lights are harmless, though not always; for we have accounts of some luminous vapours which would encompass stacks of hay and corn, and set them on fire; so that they became objects of great terror and concern to the country people. Of these it was observed, that they would avoid a drawn sword, or sharp-pointed iron instrument, and that they would be driven away by a great noise; both which methods were made use of to dissipate them: and it was likewise observed, that they came from some distance, as it were on purpose to do mischief.

Several philosophers have endeavoured to account for these appearances, but hitherto with no great success; nor indeed does there seem to be sufficient data for solving all their phenomena. Willoughby, Ray, and others, have imagined that the light was occasioned by a number of shining insects; but this opinion was never supported in such a manner as to gain much ground. The ignis fatuus seen by Dr Derham above mentioned, as well as all the other intances we have related, seem to demonstrate the contrary. Sir Isaac Newton calls it a vapour shining without heat; and supposes that there is the same difference between the vapour of ignis fatuus and flame, that there is between the shining of rotten wood and burning coals. But though this seems generally to be the case, there are still some exceptions, as has been instanced in the vapours which set fire to the stacks of corn. Dr Priestley supposes that the light is of the same nature with that produced by putrescent substances; and others are of opinion, that the electrical fluid is principally concerned; but none have attempted to give any particular solution of the pheno

mena.

From the frequent appearance of the ignis fatuus in marshes, moist ground, burying-places, and dunghills, we are naturally led to conclude, that putrefaction is concerned in the production of it. This process, we know, is attended with the emission of an aqueous steam, together with a quantity of fixed, inflammable, and azotic airs, all blended together in the form of vapour. It is likewise attended with some degree of heat; and we know that there are some vapours, that of sulphur particularly, which become luminous, with a degree of heat much less than that sufficient to set fire to combustible bodies. There is no inconsistency, therefore, in supposing that the putrid

Light. vapour may be capable of shining with a still smaller degree of heat than that of sulphur, and consequently become luminous by that which putrefaction alone af. fords. This would account for the ignis fatuus, were it only a steady luminous vapour arising from places where putrid matters are contained; but its extreme mobility, and flying from one place to another on the approach of any person, cannot be accounted for on this principle. If one quantity of the putrid vapour becomes luminous by means of heat, all the rest ought to do so likewise; so that, though we may allow heat and putrefaction to be concerned, yet of necessity we must have recourse to some other agent, which cannot be any other but electricity. Without this, it is impossible to conceive how any body of moveable vapour should not be carried away by the wind; but so far is this from being the case, that the ignes fatui, described by M. Beccaria, were but little affected by the wind. It is besides proved by undoubted experiment, that electricity always is attended with some degree of heat; and this, however small, may be sufficient to give a luminous property to any vapour on which it acts strongly; not to mention, that the electric fluid itself is no other than that of light, and may therefore by its action easily produce a luminous appearance independent of

any vapour.

We have a strong proof that electricity is concerned, or indeed the principal agent, in producing the ignis fatuus, from an experiment related by Dr Priestley of a flame of this kind being artificially produced. A gentleman, who had been making many electrical experiments for a whole afternoon in a small room, on going out of it, observed a flame following him at some little distance. This, we have no reason to doubt, was a true ignis fatuus, and the circumstances necessary to produce it were then present, viz. an atmosphere impregnated with animal vapour, and like wise strongly electrified. Both these circumstances undoubtedly must have taken place in the present case; for the quantity of perspiration emitted by a human body is by no means inconsiderable; and it, as well as the electricity, would be collected by reason of the smallness of the room. In this case, however, there seems to have been a considerable difference between the artificial ignis fatuus and those commonly met with; for this flame followed the gentleman as he went out of the room; but the natural ones commonly fly from those who approach them. This may be accounted for, from a difference between the electricity of the atmosphere in the one room and the other; in which case the flame would naturally be attracted towards that place where the electricity was either different in quality or in quantity; but in the natural way, where all bodies may be supposed equally electrified for a great way round, a repulsion will as naturally take place. Still, however, this does not seem to be always the case. In those instances where travellers have been attended by an ignis fatuus, we cannot supit to have been influenced by any other power than what we call attraction, and which electricity is very capable of producing. Its keeping at some distance is likewise easily accounted for; as we know that bodies possessed of different quantities of electricity may be made to attract one another for a certain space, and then repel without having ever come into contact.

pose

On this principle we may account for the light which Light. surrounded the woman at Milan, but fled from the hand of any other person. On the same principle may we account for these mischievous vapours which set fire to the hay and corn stacks, but were driven away by presenting to them a pointed iron instrument, or by making a noise. Both these are known to have a great effect upon the electric matter; and by means of either, even lightning may occasionally be made to fall upon or to avoid particular places, according to the circumstances by which the general mass happens to be affected at that time.

On the whole, therefore, it seems most probable, that the ignis fatuus is a collection of vapour of the putrescent kind, very much affected by electricity; according to the degree of which, it will either give a weak or strong light, or even set fire to certain substances disposed to receive its operation. This opinion seems greatly to be confirmed from some luminous appearances observed in privies, where the putrid vapours have even collected themselves into balls, and exploded violently on the approach of a candle. This last effect, however, we cannot so well ascribe to the electricity, as to the accension of the inflammable air which frequently abounds in such places.

In the appendix to Dr Priestley's third volume of Experiments and Observations on Air, Mr Warltire gives an account of some very remarkable ignes fatui, which he observed on the road to Bromsgrove, about five miles from Birmingham. The time of observation was the 12th of December 1776, before day-light. A great many of these lights were playing in an adjacent field, in different directions; from some of which there suddenly sprung up bright branches of light, something resembling the explosion of a rocket that contained many brilliant stars, if the discharge was upwards, instead of the usual direction; and the hedge and trees on each side of the hedge were illuminated. This appearance continued but a few seconds, and then the jack-a-lanterns played as before. Mr Warltire was not near enough to observe if the apparent explosions were attended with any report.

Cronstedt gives it as his opinion, that ignis fatuus, as well as the meteors called falling stars, are owing to collections of inflammable air raised to a great height in the atmosphere. But, with regard to the latter, the vast height at which they move evidently shows that they cannot be the effect of any gravitating vapour whatever; for the lightest inflammable air is one-twelfth of that of the common atmosphere: and we have no reason to believe, that at the distance of 40 or 50 miles from the earth, the latter has near one-twelfth of its weight at the surface. From the account given by Mr Warltire, we should be apt to conclude, that there is a strong affinity betwixt the ignes fatui and fire balls, insomuch that the one might be very easily converted into the other. From this then we must ascribe an electrical origin to the one as well as the other. Electricity, we know, can assume both these appearances, as is evident in the case of points; or even when the atmosphere is violently electrified, as around the string of an electrical kite, which always will appear to be surrounded with a blue flame in the night, if the elec tricity be very strong.

On the whole, it appears, that electricity acting up

on

Light on a small quantity of atmospherical air, with a certain degree of vigour, will produce an appearance resembling an ignis fatuus; with a superior force it will produce a fire ball; and a sudden increase of electrical power might produce those sparks and apparent explosions, observed by Mr Warltire. The only difficulty therefore is, Why does electricity exert its power upon one portion of the atmosphere rather than another, seeing it has an opportunity of diffusing itself equally through the whole? To this it seems impossible to give any other reason than that we see the fact is so; and that in all cases where there is a quantity of electrified air or vapour, there will be an accumulation in one part rather than another. Thus, in the experiment already related, where the gentleman perceived a blue flame following him, the whole air of the room was electrified, but the greatest power of the fluid was exerted on that which gave the luminous appearance.

Phosphoric light.

With regard to the uses of the ignes fatui in the system of nature, we can only say, that they seem to be accidental appearances resulting from the motion of the electric fluid, and, no doubt, like other meteors, subservient to the preservation of its equilibrium, and thus are useful in preventing those dreadful commotions which ensue when a proper medium for so doing is deficient.

A light in some respects similar to those above mentioned has been found to proceed from that celebrated chemical production called phosphorus, which always tends to decompose itself, so as to take fire by the access of air only. Phosphorus, therefore, when it emits light, is properly a body ignited; though when a very small quantity of it is used, as what is left after draw ing it over paper, or what may be dissolved in essential oil, the heat is not sensible. But perhaps the matter which emits the light in what we call putrescent substances may be similar to it, though it be generated by a different process, and burn with a less degree of heat. Putrescence does not seem to be necessary to the light of glow-worms or of the pholades; and yet their light is sufficiently similar to that of shining wood or flesh. Electric light is unquestionably similar to that of phosphorus, though the source of it is apparently very different.

Kunckel formed his phosphorus into a kind of pills about the size of peas, which being moistened a little, and scraped in the dark, yielded a very considerable light, but not without smoke. The light was much more pleasing when eight or ten of these pills were put into a glass of water; for being shaken in the dark, the whole glass seemed to be filled with light. Kunckel also reduced his phosphorus into the form of larger stones; which being warmed by a person's hand, and rubbed upon paper, would describe letters that were very legible in the dark.

The greatest variety of experiments with the light of phosphorus was made by Dr Slare, who says, that the liquid phosphorus (which is nothing more than the solid phosphorus dissolved in any of the essential oils) would not hurt even a lady's hand; or that, when the hands or face were washed with it, it would not only make them visible to other persons in the dark, but that the light was so considerable as to make other neighbouring objects visible.

VOL. XII. Part I.

When the solid phosphorus is quite immersed in water, he observes that it ceases to shine; but that if any part of it chance to emerge, or get into the air, it will shine though the glass be hermetically sealed. In a large glass he kept it without water for several days; and yet it continued shining, with very little diminution of its light or weight. If the letters that were written with this phosphorus were warmed by the fire, they presently became dark lines, which continued upon the paper, like ink. To try how much light was given by a small quantity of this phosphorus, he observed that it continued to flame in the open air for seven or eight days; the light being visible whenever he shut his window.

As air was generally thought to contain the pabulum of flame, Dr Slare was determined to try this with respect to phosphorus; and for this purpose he placed a large piece of it in a receiver; but upon exhausting it, he perceived that it became more luminous, and that, upon admitting the air, it returned to its former state. This property of the light of phosphorus, which is the very reverse of that of shining wood and fishes, was also ascertained by several very accurate experiments of Mr Hauksbee's.

Endeavoring to blow the phosphorus into a flame with a pair of bellows, Dr Slare found that it was presently blown out, and that it was a considerable time before the light revived again. All liquors would extinguish this light when the phosphorus was put into them; nor would it shine or burn, though it was even boiled in the most inflammable liquors, as oil of olives, spirit of turpentine, or even spirit of wine.

In order to keep his phosphorus from consuming, he used to put it in a glass of water; and sometimes he has seen it, when thus immersed in water, make such bright and vigorous coruscations in the air, as, he says, would surprise and frighten those who are not used to the phenomenon. This fiery meteor, he says, is contracted in its passage through the water, but expands as soon as it gets above it. If any person would make this experiment to advantage, he informs them that the glass must be deep and cylindrical, and not above three quarters filled with water. This effect he perceived in warm weather only, and never in cold.

riensa,

vol v.

p. 334.

The phosphorus of which we have been treating is prepared from urine; but in some cases the sweat, which is similar to urine, has been observed to be phosphoraceous, without any preparation. This once a Cæs. happened to a person who used to eat great quantities of salt, and who was a little subject to the gout, after sweating with violent exercise. Stripping himself in the dark, his shirt seemed to be all on fire, which surprised him very much. Upon examination, red spots were found upon his shirt; and the physician who was present perceived an urinous smell, though it had nothing in it of volatile alkali, but of the muriatic acid; the same, he says, that issues from cabbage much salted, and strongly fermented.

from elec

The easiest method of accounting for all these kinds All these of lights, perhaps, is from electricity. If light consists lights aein a certain vibration of the electric fluid *, then it fok counted for lows, that in whatever substances such a vibration takes place, their light must appear, whether in putrescent * See Elestricity. animal substances, sea water, phosphorus, or any thing tricity. else. We know that the electric matter pervades all C + terrestrial

terrestrial substances, and is very liable to be set in motion from causes of which we are ignorant. The action of the air by which putrefaction is produced may be one of these causes; and it can by no means appear surprising that the electric matter should act in the bodies of living animals in such a manner as to produce a permanent light, when we certainly know it acts in some of them so powerfully as to produce a shock similar to that of a charged phial.On this subject we shall only observe farther, that when this vibration becomes so powerful as to penetrate the solid substance of the body itself, the luminous body then becomes transparent, as in the milk mentioned in the former part of this article; but when it is only superficial, the body, though it emits light, is itself opaque.

LIGHT from Diamonds. Among luminous bodies the diamond is to be reckoned; as some diamonds are known to shine in the dark. But on account of the feebleness of their splendour, it is necessary for the person who is to observe them, previously to stay in the dark at least a quarter of an hour; that the pupil of the eye may be dilated and enlarged, and so rendered capable of receiving a large quantity of the rays of light. M. du Fay has also observed, that the eyes ought to be shut for this time, or at least one of them; and that, in that case, the light of the diamond is afterwards only seen by that eye which has been shut. Before the diamond is brought into the dark room, it must be exposed to the sunshine, or at least to the open daylight, to imbibe a sufficient quantity of rays; and this is done in one minute, or even less; eight or ten seconds having been found to furnish as much light as a stone is capable of receiving: and when brought into the dark, its light continues about twelve or thirteen minutes, weakening all the while by insensible degrees. It is very remarkable, that in bodies so extremely similar to each other as diamonds are, some should have this property of imbibing the sun's rays, and shining in the dark, and that others should not; yet so it is found to be by experiment, and the most nearly resembling stones shall be found one to have this property, and another to be destitute of it; while many of the most dissimilar have the property in common. There seems to be no rule, nor even the least traces of any imperfect rule of judging, which diamonds have, and which have not this property; their natural brightness, their purity, their size, or their shape, contribute nothing to it and all that has been yet discovered of the least regularity among them, is, that all yellow diamonds have this property. This is supposed to arise from their having more sulphur in their composition, and therefore illuminating more readily, or emitting a more visible flame.

The burning of diamonds is a term used among the jewellers, for putting them into a fierce fire, as they frequently do, when they are fouled with brown, or yellow, or the like; this always divests them of their colour, without doing them the least sensible injury.. M. du Fay, having been informed of this common practice, formed a conjecture, that the difference of diamonds in their shining or not shining in the dark, was owing to it; and that either all those which had been. burnt, or all those which had not,, were those which alone shone in the dark. But this was found an erroneous conjecture; for two diamonds, one lucid in the

dark, the other not, were both burnt, and afterwards Ligh both were found to retain the same properties they had before. It is not only the open sunshine, or open daylight, which gives to these diamonds the power of shining in the dark; they receive it in the same manner even if laid under a glass, or plunged in water or in milk.

M. du Fay tried whether it was possible to make the diamond retain, for any longer time, the light it naturally parts with so soon; and found, that if the diamond, after being exposed to the light, be covered with black wax, it will shine in the dark, as well six hours afterwards as at the time it was first impregnated with the light.

The imbibing light, in this manner, being so nice a property as not to be found in several diamonds, it was not to be supposed that it would be found in any other stones accordingly, on trial, the ruby, the sapphire, and the topaz, were found wholly destitute of it; and among a large number of rough emeralds, one only was found to possess it. Such is the strange uncertainty of these accidents.

All the other less precious stones were tried, and found not to possess this property of imbibing light from the daylight or sunshine, but they all became luminous by the different means of heating or friction; with this difference, that some acquired it by one of these methods, and others by the other; each being unaffected by that which gave the property to the other. The diamond becomes luminous by all these

ways.

Beccarius also discovered, that diamonds have the property of the Bolognian phosphorus, about the same time that it occurred to M. du Fay. Com. Bonon. vol. ii. p. 276. M. du Fay likewise observed, that the common topaz, when calcined, had all the properties of this phosphorus; and pursuing the discovery, he found the same property in a great degree, in the belemnites, gypsum, limestone, and marble: though he was obliged to dissolve some very hard substances of this kind in acids, before calcination could produce this change in them; and with some substances he could.. not succeed even thus; especially with flint stones, river sand, jaspers, agates, and rock crystal.

LIGHT from Plants. In Sweden a very curious phenomenon has been observed on certain flowers by M. Haggern, lecturer in natural history. One evening he perceived a faint flash of light repeatedly dart from a marigold. Surprised at such an uncommon appearance, he resolved to examine it with attention; and, to be assured it was no deception of the eye, he placed a man near him, with orders to make a signal at the moment when he observed the light. They both saw it constantly at the same moment.

The light was most brilliant on marigolds of an orange or flame colour; but scarcely visible on pale ones.

The flash was frequently seen on the same flower two or three times in quick succession; but more commonly at intervals of several minutes: and when several flowers in the same place emitted their light together, it could be observed at a considerable distance.

This phenomenon was remarked in the months of July and August at sunset, and for half an hour, when the atmosphere was clear; but after a rainy day, or

when

when the air was loaded with vapours, nothing of it

was seen.

The following flowers emitted flashes, more or less vivid, in this order :

1. The marigold, calendula officinalis.

2. Monkshood, tropaolum majus.
3. The orange lily, lilium bulbiferum.

4. The Indian pink, tagetes patula et erecta.

To discover whether some little insects or phosphoric worms might not be the cause of it, the flowers were carefully examined, even with a microscope, without any such thing being found.

From the rapidity of the flash, and other circumstances, it may be conjectured that there is something of electricity in this phenomenon. It is well known, that when the pistil of a flower is impregnated, the pollen bursts away by its elasticity, with which electricity may be combined. But M. Haggern, after having observed the flash from the orange lily, the antheræ of which are a considerable space distant from the petals, found that the light proceeded from the petals only; whence he concludes, that this electric light is caused by the pollen, which, in flying off, is scattered on the petals. Whatever be the cause, the effect is singular and highly curious.

LIGHTS, in Painting, are those parts of a piece which are illuminated, or that lie open to the luminary by which the piece is supposed to be enlightened; and which, for this reason, are painted in bright vivid colours.

In this sense light is opposed to shadow.

Different lights have very different effects on a picture, and occasion a difference in the management of every part. A great deal therefore depends on the painter's choosing a proper light for his piece to be illuminated by; and a great deal more, in the conduct of the lights and shadows, when the luminary is pitched upon.

The strength and relievo of a figure, as well as its gracefulness, depend entirely upon the management of the lights, and the joining of those to the shadows.

The light a figure receives is either direct or refected; to each of which special regard must be had. The doctrine of lights and shadows makes that part of painting called clair-obscure.

LIGHT-Horse, an ancient term in our English customs, signifying an ordinary cavalier or horseman lightly armed, and so as to enter a corps or regiment; in opposition to the men-at-arms, who were heavily accoutred, and armed at all points. See Light-HORSE. LIGHT-House, a building erected upon a cape or promontory on the sea-coast, or upon some rock in the sea, and having on its top in the night-time a great fire, or light formed by candles, which is constantly attended by some careful person, so as to be seen at a great distance from the land. It is used to direct the shipping on the coast, that might otherwise run ashore, or steer an improper course, when the darkness of the night and the uncertainty of currents, &c. might render their situation with regard to the shore extremely doubtful. Lamp-lights are, on many accounts, preferable to coal fires or candles; and the effect of these may be increased by placing them either behind glass hemispheres, or before properly disposed glass or me

tal reflectors, which last method is now very generally Lightadopted. See BEACONS.

LIGHT-Room, a small apartment, enclosed with glass windows, near the magazine of a ship of war. It is used to contain the lights by which the gunner and his assistants are enabled to fill cartridges with powder to be ready for action.

LIGHTER, a large, open, flat-bottomed vessel, generally managed with oars, and employed to carry goods to or from a ship when she is to be laden or de livered There are also some lighters furnished with a deck throughout their whole length, in order to contain those merchandises which would be damaged by rainy weather: these are usually called close lighters.

After

LIGHTFOOT, JOHN, a most learned English divine, was the son of a divine, and born in March 1602, at Stoke upon Trent in Staffordshire. having finished his studies at a 'school on Morton-green near Congleton in Cheshire, he was removed in 1617 to Cambridge, where he applied himself to eloquence, and succeeded so well in it as to be thought the best orator of the under graduates in the university. He also made an extraordinary proficiency in the Latin and Greek; but neglected the Hebrew, and even lost that knowledge he brought of it from school. His taste for the oriental languages was not yet excited; and as for logic, the study of it as managed at that time among the academics, was too quarrelsome and fierce for his quiet and meck disposition. As soon as he had taken the degree of B. A. he left the university, and became assistant to a school at Repton in Derbyshire. After he had supplied this place a year or two, he entered into orders, and became curate of Norton under Hales in Shropshire. This curacy gave an occasion of awakening his genius for the Hebrew tongue. Norton lies near Bellaport, then the seat of Sir Rowland Cotton; who was his constant hearer, made him his chaplain, and took him into his house. This gentleman, being a perfect master of the Hebrew language, engaged Lightfoot in that study; who, by conversing with his patron, soon became sensible, that without that knowledge it was impossible to attain an accurate understanding of the scriptures. He therefore applied himself to it with extraordinary vigour, and in a little time made a great progress in it: and his patron removing with his family to reside in London, at the request of Sir Alland Cotton his uncle, who was lord-mayor of that city, he followed his preceptor thither. But he did not stay long there: for, having a mind to improve himself by travelling abroad, he went down into Staffordshire, to take leave of his father and mother. Passing through Stone in that county, he found the place destitute of a minister: and the pressing instances of the parishioners prevailed upon him to undertake that cure. Hereupon, laying aside his design of travelling abroad, he began to turn his thoughts upon settling at home. During his residence at Bellaport, he had fallen into the acquaintance of a gentlewoman who was daughter of William Crompton of Stonepark, Esq. and now, being in possession of that living, be married her in 1628. But notwithstanding this settlement, his unquenchable thirst after rabbinical learning would not suffer him to continue there. Sion-college library at London, he knew,

C 2

was

House

Lightfoot.