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A TREATISE

ON

LAND SURVEYING

PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS, EDINBUrgh.

A TREATISE

ON

LAND SURVEYING

BY JOHN AINSLIE

A NEW AND ENLARGED EDITION

EMBRACING

RAILWAY, MILITARY, MARINE, & GEODETICAL

SURVEYING

BY WILLIAM GALBRAITH

M.A. F. R. A. S.

ILLUSTRATED BY THIRTY-TWO ENGRAVINGS ON STEEL, BY W. & A. K. JOHNSTON,

AND ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVEN ON WOOD, BY BRANSTON

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS
EDINBURGH AND LONDON

MDCCCXLIX

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PREFACE.

GREAT improvements have been effected of late years in the art of Surveying, alike in the construction of instruments, in the methods of observation, and in the processes of reduction; and it is hoped there will be found in this edition a corresponding advance in accuracy and completeness.

The present Treatise comprehends the whole art of LandSurveying, and contains examples, progressing from the measurement and planning of a private estate to the delineation of a whole country. Descriptions are given of the various instruments employed by surveyors, including the chain, crossstaff, plane-table, circumferentor, prismatic compass, sextant, and theodolite; together with the best methods of using them in the measurement of boundaries of every species of figure, and in computing the areas of every variety of surface. From the great experience acquired by the late Mr Ainslie in the discharge of his professional duties, this portion of the work will be found peculiarly instructive; and all improvements posterior to his time, in this department, have been now introduced by the Editor. A section is also devoted to the important branch of Military and Marine Surveying, and the Projection of Maps and Charts; while another details the simplest methods, in colouring and shading, by which plans can be made complete and effective.

The subject of Railway Surveying is treated with a care

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