den, gents., their heirs and assigns for ever, by the same tenure as to Wiseman.1

Harrington and Burden, it appears, soon sold the Blackfriars, and it passed to William Hovenden, of Christchurch, Canterbury, who died in 1587, and by his will gave this estate to Robert Hovenden his eldest son in tail male, with remainder to Christopher and George his sons. It afterwards fell into the possession of Peter de la Pierre, a surgeon, originally from Flanders, who purchased it in 1658, and was naturalized by Act of Parliament after the Restoration. He was a Protestant, and introduced the Anabaptists into Canterbury, who still hold their meeting-house and burial place here. The descendants of Peters have possessed the property down to the present century. The churchyard was in part converted into an artillery-ground for the citizens. In 1763 or 4, a Methodists' meeting-house was erected in the old way to the church south of the churchyard. The descent of the property from the year 1668 is fully traced in the works of Hasted and others. Although a new street has been formed on the site of the old garden, and the mansion has been pulled down, there are still very interesting remains of "ye house called the Blackfreers wythin ye Cytye of Canterbury." C. F. R. PALMER.

1 Rot. Pat., 2 Eliz., p. 14, m. 17.

REMARKS ON THE SAXON INVASION.

BY GEORGE WARDE NORMAN.

THE Saxon Invasion may be regarded as by far the most important event in English History. It has given us most of the blood that flows in our veins; the greater portion of our language; and indeed all that is most characteristic. We owe to it, also, our territorial divisions, the names of places (with few exceptions), and those of the days of the week. It has likewise left deep traces in our Laws and Legislation.

Since the Saxon Invasion no foreign admixture with our nation has so deeply affected it. The Danish invaders were of a kindred race, who, bringing few or no women with them, easily amalgamated with the previously existing population. They introduced, however, certain modifications in our laws and habits, traces of which may be found in the central and eastern districts of England, and still more in the north-eastern counties and Lowlands of Scotland.

Relics of the Danish conquests may be remarked in place names which end in By (dwelling or town), and such names as Sneefell, High Fell, High Force; FELL being the Norwegian field or mountain, and Foss in the same language being a waterfall. It may here be remarked that the elevated Moorlands in Northumberland are always called the Fells. Indeed, beyond the Firth of Forth, the Teutonic population of Scotland must be regarded as aly Scandinavian. That of the Orkneys and Shetland is e ively so.

The Norman Conquest has be a the most influential event in our history since the Saxon invasion. It gave us for many generations French sovereigns, and a French Aristocracy, and it modified profoundly our laws and language, without however essentially changing the life-blood

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of the nation. Frenchmen came here in great numbers, but not French women. Saxon women became the mothers of a following generation, and taught their own language to their children. As there must always be a tendency in the national type to revert to that of the majority, we may still consider ourselves as being, in blood, an Anglo-Saxon or Anglo-Danish people. In either case we belong to the great Teutonic race which is likely to rule the world.

And here we may remark how different were the effects produced by the Norman Conquest of Neustria, from those wrought by either the Saxon or the Norman conquests of England. Less than two hundred and fifty years elapsed from the time of Rollo to that of William the Conqueror, yet the latter and his followers had become truly Frenchmen. On their adopted country they have impressed hardly any traces of their Scandinavian origin, except a few names of places, such as Caudebec and Bolbec, whereof the last syllable in each is the Scandinavian term for a small river.

We are told that the Teutonic tribes who established themselves in Britain, in the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries, were Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. As the scope of my remarks will not require me to discriminate between these tribes, I shall, for convenience, speak of them all as Saxons. They all inhabited, originally, the northern and eastern shores of the North Sea, and seem to have been merely local divisions of the same people.

Their invasion of Britain assumed a palpable shape about the middle of the fifth century, soon after the cessation of the Roman dominion. It is certain, however, that the Saxons had long before been known, and dreaded, as pirates and devastators. A large tract, situated along the southeastern and eastern shores, comprehending those of the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and Kent, was called Saxonicum Littus. This "Saxon Shore" was protected by a large number of fortresses, and was presided over by an officer of rank whose title was "Comes Littoris Saxonici”. "Count of the Saxon Shore." It by no means follows that the title "Count of the Saxon Shore" implied the existence of a district so called; still less of a province inhabited by

Saxons, but simply that part of Britain most exposed to the ravages of Saxon pirates.

And here a few words as to the Saxons anterior to their first recognized arrival in England. They are not named by Tacitus in his account of Germany, but they are mentioned by Ptolemy at the close of the second century. In order to explain the general prevalence of the Saxons in England, so soon after their first recorded invasion, and also the possible existence of a Saxon province, it has been supposed by some, and among them by the learned German Lappenburg, that a settlement of Saxons in England had taken place in Roman times. We are told that 200,000 Vandals, a Teutonic tribe, had been transported to Britain in the reign of the Emperor Probus. On the other hand it must be remarked, that the desolation of the country previously to its formal abandonment by the Roman Empire is ascribed to the Picts and Scots, who were Celts, not Teutons. I think that it may be assumed as most probable that there were no Saxons in England before the middle of the fifth century except casual settlers and slaves.

There are passages in Ammianus Marcellinus, a writer who died after A.D. 390, bearing on this subject.

From the 8th chapter of his 27th book, it appears that A.D. 368 an expedition, commanded by Theodosius, was sent into Britain which was completely successful. It defeated and expelled the Barbarians; and we may, I think, suppose that the Saxons played a part in this war; although the Celtic tribes, seated beyond the Tyne, were the most formidable of the invaders.

The Picti (divided into the two tribes of Dicaledones and Vetturiones) and the Scotti are mentioned as having laid waste Britain, while the Saxons and Franks were plundering Gaul. Ammianus, after saying that the Scotti had ravaged Britain, adds, "Gallicanos vero Tractus Franci et Saxones iisdem confines quo quisque erumpere potuit terrâ vel mari prædis acerbis incendiisque et captivorum funeribus hominum violabant." The Saxons and Franks penetrated the Gaulish districts, to which they adjoined, wherever they could find an opening, by sea or land, and wasted them by plundering and

• OXFORD

burning and the murder of captives. The whole passage is appended to this paper as a note, at the end.

In the 2nd chapter of the 28th book he says, after mentioning the ravages from which the empire was suffering, A.D. 369, "Quam ob causam præ ceteris hostibus Saxones timentur ut repentini," "on which account the Saxons as sudden invaders are feared above other enemies." This would seem to exclude any notion of permanent settlement. Here however it may be remarked that Britain is not alluded to as the province attacked. It may have been Gaul.

In the 7th chapter of the 30th book, Ammianus mentions the Saxons as having invaded Britain, and been expelled during the year 375. Here again we see no reason to imagine that they had effected any permanent settlements.

In none of the above passages can I detect any evidence that Saxons had settled in England, at any rate before the fifth century. Now it must be here remarked that the Saxons had hardly any literature anterior to Bede, that great man who does such honour to our race, and who died not a very old man, early in the eighth century. They are supposed, indeed, to have possessed letters called Runes, about which comparatively little is known. Runic inscriptions appear to be less commonly found in England than in Denmark and Scandinavia. So far as I know, those which have been found are chiefly sepulchral and of small historic interest.

A few lives of English or continental saints contain passages which throw a flickering light on contemporary persons and things.

The arrival of St. Augustine about 590, and the subsequent spread of Christianity, throw a more vivid light on the condition of our country. From that time, with the aid of tradition, we may be reasonably sure as to the main events occurring during the Heptarchy, and as to the names and succession of the kings by whom its several states were governed.

It is somewhat remarkable that while Spain and Gaul were thoroughly Romanised; generally adopted the language of their conquerors; were studded with splendid cities, and produced many men distinguished in the career of literature,