Governs Italy in the capacity of exarch, 710.
grace, and death, 745.

His dis-

Navigation of the Roman empire, state of, 20.
Naulobatus, a chief of the Heruli, enters into the Roman
service, and is inade consul, 101.

Navy of the Roman empire described, 7. Of the Greek
empire, 959, 960.

Nazarene church at Jerusalem, account of, 170, 171.
Nazarius, the Pagan orator, his account of miraculous
appearances in the sky in favour of Constantine the
Great, 82.

Nebridius, prætorian præfect in Gaul, is maimed and su
perseded, by his indiscreet opposition to the troops of
Julian, 321, 322.

Negroes of Africa, evidences of their intellectual infe-
riority to the rest of mankind, 387.

Nectarius is chosen archbishop of Constantinople, 425.
Nennius, his account of the arrival of the Saxons in Bri-
tain, different from that of Gildas, Bede, and Witikind,
605, note 129.

Nepos, Julius, is made emperor of the West by Leo the
Great, 568.

Nepotian, account of his revolt in Italy, 258.

Nero persecutes the Christians as the incendiaries of
Rome, 199, 200.

Nerva, emperor, his character, and prudent adoption of
Trajan, 9.

Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, his character,
783. His heresy concerning the incarnation, ibid. His
dispute with Cyril of Alexandria, 784. Is condemned,
and degraded from his episcopal dignity, by the council
of Ephesus, 784, 785. Is exiled, 785. His death, 787.
His opinions still retained in Persia, 796. Missions of
his disciples in the East Indies, 797.
Nevers, John, count of, disastrous fate of him and his
party at the battle of Nicopolis, 1123, 1124.
Nice, first council of, 298. Second council of, 846. Be-
comes the capital residence of sultan Soliman, 1015.
Siege of, by the first crusaders, 1031.

Nicephorus I, emperor of Constantinople, 813. His wars
with the Saracens, 939. His death, 974.
Nicephorus II, Phocas, emperor of Constantinople, 821.
His military enterprises, 947.

Nicephorus III, Botaniates, emperor of Constantinople,
825. Was raised to the throne by sultan Soliman, 1014,
1015.

Nicetas, senator of Constantinople, his flight, on the
capture of the city by the Latins, 1072. His brief his
tory, ibid. note 87. His account of the statues destroyed
at Constantinople, 1073, 1074.

Nicholas, patriarch of Constantinople, opposes the fourth
marriage of the emperor Leo the philosopher, 819.
Nicholas V., pope, his character, 1157. How interested
in the fall of Constantinople, 1172.

Nicomedia, the court of Diocletian held there, and the
city embellished by him, 143. The church of, demo-
lished by Diocletian, 214. His palace fired, 215.
Nicopolis, battle of, between sultan Bajazet, and Sigis-
mond king of Hungary, 1123.

Niger. See Pescennius Niger.

Nika, the sedition of, at Constantinople, 633, 634.
Ninerch, battle of, between the emperor Heraclius, and
the Persians, 775.

Nisibis, the city of, described, and its obstinate defence
against the Persians, 253, 254. Is yielded to Sapor by
treaty, 365, 366.

Nizam, the Persian vizir, his illustrious character, and
unhappy fate, 1013, 1014.

Noah, his ark very convenient for resolving the diffi
culties of Mosaic antiquarians, 82

Nobilissimus, a title invented by Constantine the Great to
distinguish his nephew Hannibalianus, 247.
Noricum described, 19.

Normans, their settlement in the province of Normandy
in France, 987. Their introduction to Italy, 988. They
serve in Sicily, ibid. They conquer Apulia, ibid. Their
character, 989. Their treaty with the pope, 989, 990.
Their final extinction, 1005.

Novatians are exempted by Constantine the Great, in a
particular edict, from the general penalties of heresy,
292. Are cruelly persecuted by Macedonius bishop of
Constantinople, $13.

Novels of Justinian, how formed, and their character,

726

Obedience, passive, theory and practice of the Christin
doctrine of, 279, 280.

Obelisks, Egyptian, the purpose of their erection, 2
Oblations to the church, origin of, 185.
Obligations, human, the sourses of, 735. Laws of the
Romans respecting, ibid.

Odenathus, the Palmyrene, his successful opposition to
Sapor king of Persia, 103 Is associated in the empire
by Gallienus, 105. His death, 115. Character and late
of his queen Zenobia, 114-118.

Odin, the long reign of his family in Sweden, 85, note £2
His institutions and death, 91. Hypothesis respecting
him, ibid.
His cha-

Odoacer, the first barbarian king of Italy, 569

racter and reign, 571, 572. Resigns all the Roman co
quests beyond the Alps to Euric king of the Visip ithe
588. Is reduced and killed by Theodoric the Ostrogali,

Orchan, emir of the Ottomans, his reign, 1119. Marria
the daughter of the Greek emperor Cantacuzene, 11.1
Ordination of the clergy in the early ages of the church,
an account of, 287.

Orestes is sent ambassador from Attila king of the Huns
to the emperer Theodosius the Younger, 533 His his-
tory and promotion under the Western emperors, ed
His son Augustulus, the last emperor of the West, ind
Orestes, prætor of Egypt, is insulted by a monkish mubin
Alexandria, 782.

Origen declares the number of primitive martyrs to be
very inconsiderable, 205, His conference with the em
press Mammaa, 210. His memory persecuted by the
emperor Justinian and his clergy, 793.

Orleans besieged by Attila king of the Huns, and relieved
by Etius and Theodoric, 542

Osius, bishop of Cordova, his great influence with Con
stantine the Great, 283. Prevails on Constantine to
ratify the Nicene creed, 301. His exile, $8.

Osrhoene, the small kingdom of, reduced by the Romans,
78.

Ossian, his poems, whether to be connected with the in-
vasion of Caledonia by the emperor Severus, 49 Is
said to have disputed with a Christian missionary, 15,
note 179.

Ostia, the port of, described, 488.

Ostrogoths, invasion and defeat of, 416.
Othman, caliph of the Sa. acers, 886.
Othman, the father of the Ottomans, his reign, 1119
Otho 1., king of Germany, restores aint approp zato un
Western empire, 852. Claims by treaty the nomination
of the pope of Rome, 853. Defeats the Turks, 978
Otho 11. deposes pope John XII. and chastises his party
at Rome, 854.

Otho, bishop of Frisingen, his character as an historian,
1193, note 55.

Ottomans, origin and history of, 1118. They obtain an
establishment in Europe, 1121.

Ovid is banished to the banks of the Danube, 248.
Oxyrinchus, in Egypt, monkish piety of that city, 573

Р

Pacatus, his encomium on the emperor Theodosius the
Great, 431.

Paderasty, how punished by the Scatinian law, 79 Dy
Justinian, 740.

Pagan, derivation and revolutions of the term, 515, safr
173. Scepticism of the Pagan world, favourable to
Christianity, 188, 189. Their zeal, 213.

Paganism, the ruin of, suspended by the divisions among
the Christians, $16. Theological system of the emper
Julian, 333. General review of the ecclesiastical estab
lishment and jurisdiction of, before it was subverted by
Christianity, 439, 440. Is renounced by the Roma

senate, 441. The Pagan sacrifices prohibited, 445. The
temples demolished, 443–445. The ruin of, deplored
by the sophists, 446. Pagan ceremonies revived in
Christian churches, 448, 449.

Palologus, Constantine, Greek emperor, his reign, 1167.
Is killed in the storm of Constantinople by the Turks,

1179.
Palæologus, John, emperor of Constantinople, 1104.
Marries the daughter of John Cantacuzene, 1107.
Takes up arms against Cantacuzene, and is reduced to
flight, 1108. His restoration, ibid. Discord between
him and his sons, 1124. His treaty with pope Innocent
VI., 1142. His visit to pope Urban V. at Rome, 1143.
Palæologus, John II., Greek emperor, his zeal, 1146. His
voyage to Italy, 1148.

Paleologus, Manuel, associated with his father John, in
the Greek empire, 1124. Tribute exacted from him by
sultan Bajazet, 1125. His treaties with Soliman and
Mahomet, the sons of Bajazet VI., 1138. His visits to
the courts of Europe, 1143. Private motives of his
European negotiations explained, 1146. His death,

ibid.
Palæologus, Michael, emperor of Nice, his brief replies
to the negotiations of Baldwin II. emperor of Constan-
tinople, 1084. His family and character, 1091. His
elevation to the throne, 1692. His return to Constan-
tinople, 1093 Blinds and banishes his young associate,
John Lascaris, 1094. He is excommunicated by the
patriarch Arsenius, ibid. Associates his son Andronicus
in the empire, 1095. His union with the Latin church,
ibid. Instigates the revolt of Sicily, 1098.

Palatines and Borderers, origin and nature of these dis-
tinctions in the Roman troops, 234.

Palermo taken by Belisarius by stratagem, 665.
Palestine, a character of, 10. Conquered by Chosroes II.
king of Persia, 768.

Palladium of Rome, described, 440, note 4.
Palladius, the notary, sent by Valentinian to Africa to

enquire into the government of count Romanus, con-
nives with him in oppressing the province, 385.
Palmyra, description of, and its destruction by the em-
peror Aurelian, 116, 117.

Panatius was the first teacher of the Stoic philosophy at
Rome, 722, note 56.

Pandects of Justinian, how formed, 724.
them, 725.

Remarks on

Pantheon at Rome, by whom erected, 17, note 64. Is con-
verted into a Christian church, 443.

Pantomimes, Roman, described, 484.

Paper, where and when the manufacture of, was first
first found out, 897.

Papinian, the celebrated lawyer, created prætorian præ-
fect, by the emperor Severus, 47. His death, 51.
Papirius, Caius, reasons for concluding that he could not
be the author of the Jus Papirianum, 717, note 8.
Papists, proportion their number bore to that of the Pro-
testants in England, at the beginning of the last cen-
tury, 279, note 25.

Para, king of Armenia, his history, 388. Is treacherously
killed by the Romans, 388, 389.

Parabolani of Alexandria, account of, 782, note 24.
Paradise, Mahomet's, described, 873.

Parental authority, limitation of, by the Roman law, 728.
Rights of parents and children, ibid.

Paris, description of that city, under the government of
Julian, 275, 276. Situation of his palace, 318, note 7.
Parthia subdued by Artaxerxes king of Persia, 77. Its
constitution of government similar to the feudal system
of Europe, ibid. Recapitulation of the war with Rome,
78.

Paschal II., pope, his troublesome pontificate, 1188.
Pastoral manners, much better adapted to the fierceness
of war, than to peaceful innocence, 394.

Paternal authority, extent of, by the Roman laws, 728.
Successive limitations of, 728, 729.

Patras, extraordinary deliverance of, from the Sclavo-
nians and Saracens, 951.

Patricians, the order of, under the Roman republic, and
under the emperors, compared, 230. Under the Greck
empire, their rank explained, 843.

Patrick, the tutelar saint of Ireland, derivation of his
name, 570, note 126.

Pavia, massacre of the friends of Stilicho there, by the
instigations of Olympius, 474. Is taken by Alboin king
of the Lombards, who fixes his residence there, 746.
Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, his character and
history, 211, 21%

Paul, archbishop of Constantinople, his fatal contest with
his competitor Macedonius, $12.

Paula, a Roman widow, her illustrious descent, 478. Was
owner of the city of Nicopolis, 479. Her monastic zeal,
575.

Paulicians, origin and character of, 966, 967. Their

Paulina, wife of the tyrant Maximin, softens his ferocity
by gentle counsels, 66, note 10.

Paulinus, master of the offices to Theodosius the Younger,
his crime, and execution, 516.

Paulinus, bishop of Nola, his history, 493,

Paulinus, patriarch of Aquileia, flies from the Lombards
with his treasure, into the island of Grado, 746.
Pegasians, the party of, among the Roman civilians, ex
plained, 723.

Pekin, the city of, taken by Zingis the Mogul emperor,

1113.

Pelagian controversy agitated by the Latin clergy, 470
And in Britain, 503.

Pella, the church of the Nazarenes settled there, on the
destruction of Jerusalem, 171.

Peloponnesus, state of, under the Greek empire, 951,

952.

Penal laws of Rome, the abolition and revival of, 738.
Penance, public, of the ancient church, 187. Imposed on
the emperor Theodosius, 434, 435.

Pendragon, his office and power in Britain, 503.
Penitentials of the Greek and Latin churches, history of,
1021.

Pepin, king of France, assists the pope of Rome against
the Lombards, 849. Receives the title of king by papai
sanction, 843. Grants the exarchate to the pope, 844.
Pepin, John, count of Minorbino, reduces the tribune
Rienzi, and restores aristocracy and church government
at Rome, 1208.

Pepper, its high estimation and price at Rome, 486, note

79.

Perennis, minister of the emperor Commodus, his great
exaltation, and downfal, 34.

Perisabor, a city of Assyria, reduced and burned by the
emperor Julian, 354.

Perozes, king of Persia, his fatal expedition against the
Nepthalites, 647.

Persecutions, ten, of the primitive Christians, a review of,
209.

Perseus, amount of the treasures taken from that prince,
60.

Persia, the monarchy of, restored by Artaxerxes, 75. The
religion of the Magi reformed, ibid. Abridgment of
the Persian theology, ibid. Simplicity of their worship,
72. Ceremonies and moral precepts, ibid. Extent and
population of the country, 77, 78. Every other mode of
worship prohibited but that of Zoroaster, 79. Its mili-

tary power, 80. Account of the audience given by the
emperor Carus to the ambassadors of Varanes, 129. The
throne of, disputed by the brothers Narses and Hormuz,
140. Galerius defeated by the Persians, ibid. Narses
overthrown in his turn by Galerius, 145. Articles of
peace agreed on between the Persians and the Romans,
142. War between Sapor king of, and the emperor
Constantius, 253. Battle of Singara, ibid. Sapor in-
vades Mesopotamia, 268. The Persian territories in-
vaded by the emperor Julian, 348. 351, 352. Passage of
the Tigris, $57. Julian harassed in his retreat, 360.
Treaty of peace between Sapor and the emperor
Jovian, 363, 564. Reduction of Armenia, and death
of Sapor, 387, 388. The silk trade, how carried on
from China through Persia, for the supply of the Ro-
man empire, 656. Death of Perozes, in an expedition
against the White Huns, 646. Review of the reigns of
Cabades and his son Chosroes, 687, 688. Anarchy of
after the death of Chosroes II., 776. Ecclesiastical
history of, 797. Invasion of, by the caliph Abubeker,
893. Battle of Cadesia, 893, 894. Sack of Ctesiphon,
894. Conquest of, by the Saracens, 895. The Magian
religion supplanted by Mahometism, 924. The power
of the Arabs crushed by the dynasty of the Bowides,
946. Persia subdued by the Turks, 1008. Conquest of,
by the Moguls, 1113, 1114. By Tamerlane, 1127.
Persons, rights of, according to the Roman law, 727.
Pertinaz, his character, and exaltation to the Imperial
throne, 37. Virtues, 38. Administration, ibid. ↑ And
popularity, 39. He is murdered by the prætorian
guards, ibid. His funeral and apotheosis, 44.
Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria, assumes the Impe.
rial dignity on the death of Pertinax, 42. His death,

46.

Petavius, character of his Dogmata Theologica, 777,
note 1.

Peter, brother of the Eastern emperor Maurice, his in.
jurious treatment of the citizens of Azimuntium, and
flight from thence, 763.

Peter I, czar of Russia, his conduct towards his son,
contrasted with that of Constantine the Great, 246.
Peter of Arragon, assumes the kingdom of Sicily, 1098.
Peter, Bartholomew, his miraculous discovery of the
Holy Lance, 1035. His strange death, 1036.
Peter of Courtenay, emperor of Constantinople, 1080
His captivity and death, 1081.

Peter the Hermit, his character, and scheme to recover
the Holy Land from the Infidels, 1018. Leads the first
crusaders, 1023. Failure of his zeal, 1035.
Petra, the city of, taken by the Persians, 694 Is besieged
by the Romans, ibid. Is demolished, ibid.
Petrarch, his studies and literary character, 1153, 1154.
And history, 1201, 1902. His remark on the ruin of the
ancient buildings of Rome, 1223.

Pfeffel, character of his history of Germany, 857, note

149.

Phalanx, Grecian, compared with the Roman legion, 5, 6.
Pharamond, the actions, and foundation of the French
monarchy by him, of doubtful authority, 501.
Pharas commands the Heruli, in the African war, under
Belisarius, 65 Pursues Gelimer, 659. His letter to
Gelimer, 660.

Pharisees, account of that sect among the Jews, 176.
Phasis, river, its course described, 691.

Pheasant, derivation of the name of that bird, 691.
Philelphus, Francis, his character of the Greek language
of Constantinople, 1152.

Philip I. of France, his limited dignity and power, 1019,
1020.

Philip Augustus, of France, engages in the third crusade,
1051.

Philip, prætorian præfect under the third Gordian, raised
to the empire on his death, 73. His death, 90. Was a
favourer of the Christians, 210.

Philip, prætorian præfect of Constantinople, conveys the
bishop Paul into banishment clandestinely, 312,
Philippicus, emperor of Constantinople, 810.
Philippopolis taken and sacked by the Goths, 32.
Philo, a character of his works, 294.

Philosophers, Grecian, review of the various sects of, 12.
Phincus, the situation of his palace, 222.

Phocca is settled by Genoese, who trade in alum, 11:37.
Phocas, a centurion, is chosen emperor by the disaffected
troops of the Eastern empire, 765 Murders the empe
ror Maurice, and his children, 765,766. His character,
766. His fall, and death, 767.

Phoenicia described, 10.

Photius, the son of Antonina, is exiled, 678. Retrays his
mother's vices to Belisarius, ibid. Turns monk, ibid.
Photius, the patrician, kills himself to escape the perse-
cution of Justinian, 792.

Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, character of his
Library, 964. His quarrel with the pope of Rome, 1059.
Phranza, George, the Greek historian, some account of,
88, note. His embassies, 1167. His fate on the taking
of Constantinople by the Turks, 1180.

Picardy, derivation of the name of that province, 1018,
note 1.

Pilate, Pontius, his testimony in favour of Jesus Christ,
much improved by the primitive fathers, 209.
Pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 1016. Increase of, 1017.
Pilpay's Fables, history and character of, 688.

Pinna marina, a kind of silk manufactured from the
threads spun by this fish, by the Romans, 636.
Pipa, a princess of the Marcomanni, espoused by the em-
peror Gallienus, 98.

Piso, Calphurnius, one of the competitors against Gal-
lienus, his illustrious family and character, 104, 105.
Pityus, the city of, destroyed by the Goths, 99.
Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great, her history,
and marriage with Adolphus king of the Goths, 495. Is
injuriously treated by the usurper Singeric, after the
death of her husband, 500. Her marriage with Con
stantius, and retreat to Constantinople, 518. Her ad-
ministration in the West, as guardian of her son the
emperor Valentinian III., 519. "History of her daughter
Honoria, 541, 542. Her death and burial, 549, note 72.
Plague, origin and nature of this disease, 715. Great
extent and long duration of that in the reign of Jus-
tinian, 715, 716

Plato, his theological system, 293, Is received by the
Alexandrian Jews, 294. And expounded by St. John
the Evangelist, ibid. The theological system of the
emperor Julian, 332

Platonic philosophy introduced into Italy, 1156.
Platonists, new, an account of, 149. Unite with the
heathen priests to oppose the Christians, 213.
Plautianus, prætorian præfect under the emperor Severus,
his history, 66,

Plebeians of Rome, state and character of, 482.

Pliny the Younger, examination of his conduct toward
the Christians, 203.

Poet laureat, a ridiculous appointment, 1201, note 8
Poggius, his reflections on the ruin of ancient Rome,
1218.

Poitiers, battle of, between Clovis king of the Franks,
and Alaric king of the Goths, 595.
Pollentia, battle of, between Stilicho the Roman general,
and Alaric the Goth, 464.
Polytheism of the Romans, its origin and effects, 11.
How accounted for by the primitive Christians, 173.
Scepticism of the people at the time of the publication
of Christianity, 188. The Christians, why niore odious

to the Pagans than the Jews, 195-197. The ruin of
suspended by the divisions among Christians, 15
Theological system of the emperor Julian, 3 Review
of the Pagan ecclesiastical establishment, 499, 440. Ba
vival of, by the Christian monks, 448.

Pompeianus, præfect of Rome, proposes to drive Alarc
from the walls by spells, 483, 446

Pompeianus Ruricius, general under Maxentius, defeated
and killed by Constantine the Great, 159.

Pompey, his discretional exercise of power during ts
command in the East, 24. Increase of the tributes of
Asia by his conquests, 61.

Pontiffs, Pagan, their jurisdiction, 440.

Pontifex Maximus, in Pagan Rome, by whom that ofre
was exercised, 286.

Popes, of Rome, the growth of their power, 87, 838 Rs.
volt of, from the Greek emperors, 8. Origin of ther
temporal dominion, 844, 845. Publication of the De
cretals, and of the fictitious donation of Constantine the
Great, 844. Their final separation from the Eastern eas
pire, 846, 847. Authority of the German emperors it
their election, 853 Violent distractions in their electra,
ibid. Foundation of their authority at Rome, 117. Ther
mode of election settled, 1195. Schism in the popart,
1212 They acquire the absolute dominion of Rome,
1216. Their ecclesiastical government, 1217.
Population of the Roman empire, 16, Of Germany, St
Of Constantinople, 226 Of Rome, a computiČNOS
of, 484. Of the Greek empire, 951.

84.

Porcaro, Stephen, his conspiracy at Rome, 1215.
Posthumus, the Roman general under the emperor Gal
lienus, defends Gaul against the incursions of the
Franks, 97.

Posts, in the Roman empire, notice of, M

Power, absolute, the exercise of, how checked, 272.
Prafect of the sacred bedchamber, under Constantine
the Great, his office, 26.

Præfects of Rome and Constantinople, under the en
perors, the nature of their offices, 231. The office re-
vived at Rome, 1191.

Prætextatus, præfect of Rome under Valentinian, Las
character, 379.

Prætorian bands in the Roman army, an account of, 41
Their conspiracy against the emperor Pertina, 3
They sell the empire of Rome by public auction, al
Are disgraced by the emperor Severus, #
establishment of them, 47. Authority of the pretra
præfect, ibid. Are reduced, their privileges àbolabest,
and their place supplied, by the Jovians and Hercuiras,
144. Their desperate courage under Maxentius,
Are totally supressed by Constantine the Great, PL
Prætorian prælect, revolutions of this office under th
emperors, 200. Their functions when it became a civi
office, 231.

Praetors of Rome, the nature and tendency of their ed
explained, 719.

Preaching, a form of devotion unknown in the temples
of Paganism, 290. Use and abuse of, 200, 291.
Predestination, influence of the doctrine of, on the Sara
cens and Turks, 877.

Prerogatives, Imperial, described, 25.

Presbyters, among the primitive Christians, the ofle
. explained, 183.

Prester John, origin of the romantic stories concerning,
797.

Priestley, Dr., the ultimate tendency of his opinions
pointed out, 972, note 42.

Priests, no distinct order of men among the ancient
Pagans, 188, 286.

Primogeniture, the prerogative of, unknown to the Roman
law, 733

Prince of the waters, in Persia, his office, 687, mode 44.
Priscillian, bishop of Avila in Spain, is, with his followers,
put to death for heresy, 425,426,

Priscus, the historian, his conversation with a capte
Greek, in the camp of Attila, 531. His character, 12,
note 41.

Priscus, the Greek general, his successes against the
Avars, 764.

Proba, widow of the præfect Petronius, her flight fram
the sack of Rome by Alaric, 492

Probus assumes the Imperial dignity in opposition to
Florianus, 123. His character, ibid. Respectful en
duct towards the senate, 124. Victories over the hat-
barians, ibid. He delivers Gaul from the invasion of the
Germans, 124, 125. Carries his arms into GermLIF",
125. He builds a wall from the Rhine to the Danu 6
ibid. His triumph, 127. Discipline, ibid. Death,
Probus, prætorian præfect of Illyricum, preserves Sz-
mium from the Quadi, 391.

Probus, Sicorius, his embassy from the emperor Diocietai
to Narses king of Persia, 142.

Procession of the Holy Ghost, controversy concerning,

Proclus, the Platonic philosopher of Athens, his super-
stition, 649, 650.

Proconsuls of Asia, Achaia, and Africa, their office, 232.
Procopia, wife of the Greek emperor Michael I., her
martial inclinations, 814.

Procopius, his history, and revolt against Valens, em-
peror of the East, 371. Is reduced, and put to death,
$73.
Procopius, the historian, his account of the testament of
the emperor Arcadius, 513. His account of Britain,
609, 610. Character of his histories, 628. Accepts the
office of secretary under Belisarius, 653. His defence
of the Roman archers, 653, 654. His account of the
desolation of the African province by war, 699.
Proculians, origin of the sect of, in the Roman civil law,
723.

Proculus, his extraordinary character, and his rebellion
against Probus in Gaul, 127.

Prodigies in ancient history, a philosophical resolution of,
281, 282.

Promises, under what circumstances the Roman law en-
forced the fulfilment of, 735.

Promotus, master-general of the infantry under Theo-
dosius, is ruined by the enmity of Rufinus, 450.
Property, personal, the origin of, 732. How ascertained
by the Roman laws, 732, 733 Testamentary disposi-
tions of, how introduced, 754.

Prophecy, neglected by the Pagan philosophers, 193, 194.
Propontis described, 223.

Proterius, patriarch of Alexandria, his martial episco-
pacy, and violent death, 789.

Protestants, their resistance of oppression, not consistent
with the practice of the primitive Christians, 278, 279.
Proportion of their number to that of the Catholics, in
France, at the beginning of the last century, 279,
note 25. Estimate of their reformation of Popery, 971.
Protosebastos, import of that title in the Greek empire,
955.

Proverbs, the book of, why not likely to be the production
of king Solomon, 661, note 33.

Provinces of the Roman empire described, 8-11. 14. Dis-
tinction between Latin and Greek provinces, 14, 15.
Divided between the emperor and the senate, 24, 25.
Account of the tributes received from, 61. Their
number and government after the seat of empire was
removed to Constantinople, 232.

Prusa, conquest of, by the Ottomans, 1119.
Prussia, emigration of the Goths to, 92.
Pulcheria, sister of the emperor Theodosius the Younger,
her character and administration, 515. Her lessons to
her brother, ibid. Her contests with the empress Eu.
docia, 516. Is proclaimed empress of the East, on the
death of Theodosius, 537. Her death and canonisation,
561. and note 66.

Punishments inflicted by the Roman laws, 787.
Purple, the royal colour of, among the ancients, far sur-
passed by the modern discovery of cochineal, 635,

note 59.

Quadi, the inroads of, punished by the emperor Constan-
tius, 266. Revenge the treacherous murder of their
king Gabinius, 591.

Questor, historical review of this office, 237.

Question, criminal, how exercised under the Roman
emperors, 239.

Quintilian brothers, Maximus and Condianus, their his-
tory, 33, 34.

Quintilius, brother of the emperor Claudius, his ineffec
tual effort to succeed him, 110.

Quintus Curtius, an attempt to decide the age in which
he wrote, 72, note 46.

Quirites, the effect of that word when opposed to soldiers,
55, note 77.

R

Radagaisus, king of the Goths, his formidable invasion of
Italy, 467. His savage character, 468. Is reduced by
Stilicho, and put to death, 468, 469.
Radiger, king of the Varni, compelled to fulfil his matri-
monial obligations by a British heroine, 610.
Ramadan, the month of, how observed by the Turks, 872.
Rando, a chieftain of the Alemanni, his unprovoked at-
tack of Moguntiacum, 380.

Ravenna, extent of the exarchate of, 750. The ancient
city of, described, 466. The emperor Honorius fixes
his residence there, ibid. Besieged by Belisarius, and
taken from the Goths, 675, 676. Invasion of, by a
Greek fleet, 840. Is taken by the Lombards, and reco
vered by the Venetians, 841. Final conquest of, by
the Lombards, ibid. The exarchate of, bestowed by
Pepin on the pope, 844.

Raymond of Thoulouse, the crusader, his character, 1026.
His route to Constantinople, 1028. His bold behaviour
there, 1029.

Raymond, count of Tripoli, betrays Jerusalem into the
hands of Saladin, 1049.

Raynal, Abbé, mistaken in asserting that Constantine the
Great suppressed Pagan worship, 814, 315.
Rebels, who the most inveterate of, 969.

Recared, the first Catholic king of Spain, converts his
Gothic subjects, 586.

Reformation from popery, the amount of, estimated, 971.
A secret reformation still working in the reformed
churches, ibid.

Reginald of Chatillon, treachery and punishment of,
1049, 1050.

Rein-deer, this animal driven northward by the improve-
ment of climate from cultivation, 81.

Relics, the worship of, introduced by the monks, 447, 448.
A valuable cargo of, imported from Constantinople by
Louis IX. of France, 1183.

Remigius, bishop of Rheims, converts Clovis, king of the
Franks, 591.

Repentance, its high esteem, and extensive operation,
among the primitive Christians, 179, 180.
Rescripts of the Roman emperors, 756.

Resurrection, general, the Mahometan doctrine of, 877.
Retiarius, the mode of his combat with the secutor, in the
Roman amphitheatre, 36.

Revenues of the primitive church, how distributed, 186.
289. Of the Roman empire, when removed to Con.
stantinople, a review of, 239-243. Of the emperor Jus-
tinian, 658. Of the Greek empire, 953.

Khateum, city of, its situation, 223.

Rhatia described, 9.

Rhazales, the Persian general, defeated and killed by the
emperor Heraclius, 775.

Rhetoric, the study of, congenial to a popular state, 648.
Rhine, the banks of, fortified by the emperor Valentinian,
380.

Rhodes, account of the colossus of, 908. The knights of,
1120.

Richard I. of England, engages in the third crusade,
1052. Bestows the island of Cyprus on the house of
Lusignan, 1061. His reply to the exhortations of Fulk
of Neuilly, 1062.

Richard, monk of Cirencester, his literary character, 502,
note 181.

Ricimer, count, his history, 555, 556. Permits Majorian
to assume the Imperial dignity in the Western empire,
556. Enjoys supreme power under cover of the name
of the emperor Libius Severus, 560. Marries the daugh-
ter of the emperor Anthemius, 562 Sacks Rome, and
kills Anthemius, 568. His death, ibid.

Rienzi, Nicholas di, his birth, character, and history,
1202-1210.

Rimini, council of, 300.

Roads, Roman, the construction and great extent of, 19, 20.
Robert of Courtenay, emperor of Constantinople, 1081.
Robert, count of Flanders, his character, and engagement
in the first crusade, 1025.

Robert, duke of Normandy, his character, and engage-
ment in the first crusade, 1025. Recalled by the censures
of the church, 1035.

Roderic, the Gothic king of Spain, his defeat and death by
Tarik the Arab, 919, 920.

Rodugune, probable origin of her character, in Rowe's
Royal Convert, 610, note 163.

Roger, count of Sicily, his exploits, and conquest of that
island, 998, 994.

Roger, son of the former, the first king of Sicily, 999, 1000.
His military achievements in Africa and Greece, 1000,

1001.

Roger de Flor, engages as an auxiliary in the service of
the Greek emperor Andronicus, 1099. His assassina-
tion, 1100.

Romanus 1., Lecapenus, emperor of Constantinople, 819.
Romanus II., emperor of Constantinople, 820.

Romanus 111., Argyrus, emperor of Constantinople, 822.
Romanus IV., Diogenes, emperor of Constantinople, 824.
Is defeated and taken prisoner by the Turkish sultan
Alp Arslan, 1011. His treatment, deliverance, and
death, 1011, 1012.

Romanus, count, governor of Africa, his corrupt admini-
stration, $84, 385.

Romanus, governor of Bosra, betrays it to the Saracens, 898.
Rome, the three periods of its decline pointed out, Pre-
face. Its prosperous circumstances in the second cen-
tury, 1. The principal conquests of, achieved under
the republic, ibid. Conquests under the emperors, 2.
Military establishment of the emperors, 4. Naval force
of the empire, 7. View of the provinces of the empire,
8. Its general extent, 11. The union and internal
prosperity of the empire, in the age of the Antonines,
accounted for, ibid. Treatment of the provinces, 14.
Benefits included in the freedom of the city, ibid. Dis-
tinction between the Latin and Greek provinces, ibid.
Prevalence of the Greek, as a scientific language, 15.

Numbers and condition of the Roman slaves, 15.
Populousness of the empire, 16. Unity and power of
the government, 17. Monuments of Roman architec-
ture, ibid. The Roman magnificence chiefly displayed
in public buildings, ibid. Principal cities in the empire,
19 Public roads, ibid. Great improvements of agri.
culture in the western countries of the empire, 20. Arts
of luxury, 21. Commerce with the East, ibid. Con
temporary representation of the prosperity of the em
pire, 22 Decline of courage and genius, ibid. Review
of public affairs after the battle of Actium, 23. The
Imperial power and dignity confirmed to Augustus by
the senate, ibid. The various characters and powers
vested in the emperor, 25. General idea of the Imperial
system, 26. Abortive attempt of the senate to resume
its rights after the murder of Caligula, 27, 28. The
emperors associate their intended successors to power,
28. The most happy period in the Roman history
pointed out, 30. Their peculiar misery under their
tyrants, ibid. The empire publicly sold by auction by
the prætorian guards, 40. Civil wars of the Romans,
how generally decided, 45. When the army first re.
ceived regular pay, 60. How the citizens were relieved
from taxation, ibid. General estimate of the Roman
revenue from the provinces, 61. Miseries flowing from
the succession to the empire being elective, 64. A sum-
mary review of the Roman history, 73, 74. Recapitula
tion of the war with Parthia, 78. Invasion of the pro-
vinces by the Goths, 93. The office of censor revived
by the emperor Decius, 94 Peace purchased of the
Goths, 95. The emperor Valerian taken prisoner by
Sapor, king of Persia, 102. The popular conceit of the
thirty tyrants of Rome investigated, 104, 105. Famine
and pestilence throughout the empire, 106. The city
fortified against the inroads of the Alemanni, 113. Re-
marks on the alleged sedition of the officers of the mint
under Aurelian, 119. Observations on the peaceful in.
terregnum after the death of Aurelian, 120. Colonies
of barbarians introduced into the provinces by Probus,
126. Exhibition of the public games by Carinus, 130.
Treaty of peace between the Persians and the Romans,
142. The last triumph celebrated at Rome, 14. How
the Imperial courts come to be transferred to Milan and
Nicomedia, ibid. The prætorian bands superseded by the
Jovian and Herculean guards, 144. The power of the
senate annihilated, ibid. Four divisions of the empire
under four conjunct princes, 145. Their expensive
establishments call for more burdensome taxes, 146.
Diocletian and Maximian abdicate the empire, ibid.
Six emperors existing at one time, 155. The senate
and people apply to Constantine to deliver them from
the tyranny of Maxentius, 157. Constantine enters the
city victorious, 160, 161. Laws of Constantine, 164.
Constantine remains sole emperor, 167. History of the
progress and establishment of Christianity, 168. Pre-
tensions of the bishop of Rome, whence deduced, 185.
State of the church at Rome at the time of the persecu-
tion by Nero, 199, 200, Narrative of the fire of Rome,
in the reign of Nero, ibid. The Christians persecuted
as the incendiaries, 200. The memorable edicts of
Diocletian and his associates against the Christians,
214. Account of the building and establishment of the
rival city of Constantinople, 222-227. New forms of
administration established there, 228. Division of the
empire among the sons of Constantine, 247. Establish.
ment of Christianity as a national religion, 286. Tu-
mults excited by the rival bishops, Liberius and Fælix,
311. Paganism restored by Julian, 335, 336. And
Christianity by Jovian, 367, S68. The empire divided
into the East and West, by the emperor Valentinian, 371.
Civil institutions of Valentinian, 375. The crafty ava.
rice of the clergy restrained by Valentinian, 377. Bloody
contest of Damasus and Ursinus for the bishopric of
Rome, $78. Great earthquake, $93.
The emperor

Theodosius visits the city, 430, 431. Enquiry into the
cause of the corruption of morals in his reign, 438. Re-
view of the Pagan establishment, 439, 440. The Pagan
religion renounced by the senate, 441. Sacrifices; ro-
hibited, 445. The Pagan religion prohibited, ibid.
Triumph of Honorius and Stilicho over Alaric the
Goth, 465. Alaric encamps under the walls of the city,
477. Retrospect of the state of the city when besieged
by Hannibal, ibid. Wealth of the nobles, and magnifi
cence of the city, 479. Character of the nobles of, by
Ammianus Marcellinus, 480-482. State and character
of the common people, 482. Public distributions of
bread, &c., 483. Public baths, ibid. Games and spec-
tacles, 484. Attempts to ascertain the population of the
city, ibid. First siege of, by the Goths, under Alaric, 485.
The citizens suffer by famine, ibid. Plague, ibid. The
retreat of Alaric purchased by a ransom, 486. Is again
besieged by Alaric, 488. The senate unites with him
in electing Attalus emperor, 489. The city seized by
Alaric, and plundered, 490. Comparison between this
event and the sack of Rome by the emperor Charles V.,
493. Alaric quits Rome and ravages Italy, 493. Laws
passed for the relief of Rome, and Italy, 496. Triumph

of Honorius for the reduction of Spain by Wallia, 1.
Is preserved from the hands of Attila by a ransom, 548
Indications of the ruin of the empire, at the death of
Valentinian III, ibid. Sack of the city by Generic
king of the Vandals, 550. The public buildings of, pre-
tected from depredation by the laws of Majorian,
Is sacked again by the patrician Ricimer, 56 Augus
tulus, the last emperor of the West, 569. The decay of
the Roman spirit remarked, 571. History of monaste
institutions in, 572, et seq. General observations an
the fall of the Roman empire in the West, @9-614
Italy conquered by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 616
Prosperity of the city under his government, &
Account of the four factions in the circus, 61, 6
First introduction of silk among the Romans, 63, 64
The office of consul suppressed by Justinian, 601 The
city receives Belisarius, 668. Siege of, by the Goth,
ibid. Distressful siege of, by Totila, the Goth, 701. Is
taken, 702. Is recovered by Belisarius, 703 la again
taken by Totila, 704, 705. Is taken by the eunuch
Narses, 707. Extinction of the senate, 708. The city
degraded to the second rank under the exarchs of Ri
venna, 710. A review of the Roman laws, 16–€
Extent of the duchy of, under the exarchs of Ravenna,
750. Miserable state of the city, 753. Pontificate of
Gregory the Great, 755. The government of the city
new modelled under the popes, after their revolt from
the Greek emperors, 840. Is attacked by the Lombards,
and delivered by king Pepin, 841. The office and rak
of exarchs and patricians explained, 843 Reception of
Charlemagne by pope Adrian I., sad. Origin of the
temporal power of the popes, 844. Mode of electing &
pope, 853. Is menaced by the Saracens, 941 Prosperse
pontificate of Leo IV., 941, 942. Is besieged and taken
by the emperor Henry III, 998. Great part of the rity
burnt by Robert Guiscard, in the cause of pope Gre
gory VII, 998. Compared with Constantinople, 113
The history of, resumed, after the capture of Costm
tinople by the Turks, 1185. French and Germm
emperors of, ibid. Authority of the popes, 136
Restoration of the republican form of government, 119
Office of senator, 1192 Wars against the neighbouring
cities, 1194, 1195. Institution of the jubilee, 11 Re
volution in the city, by the tribune Rienzi, 198-LE
Calamities flowing from the schism of the papacy,
Statutes and government of the city, 1214. Porcare's
conspiracy, 1215. The ecclesiastical government of
1217. Reflections of Poggius on the ruin of the city,
1218. Four principal causes of its ruin specified, 198
The coliseum of Titus, 1223 Restoration and ornaments
of the city, 1225.

Romilda, the betrayer of Friuli to the Avars, her cruel
treatment by them, 770.

Rosamond, daughter of Cunimund king of the Gepiår,
her marriage with Alboin king of the Lombards, 7
Conspires his murder, 746. Her flight and death, 747
Roum, the Seljukian kingdom of, formed, 1015.
Rudbeck, Olaus, summary abridgment of the argument
in his Atlantica, 82.

Rufinus, the confidential minister of the emperor Thes.
dosius the Great, stimulates his cruelty against Thes
salonica, 433. His character and administration, 450-
452. His death, 454, 455,

Rugilas, the Hun, his settlement in Hungary, 596
Runic characters, the antiquity of, traced, &2, note 16
Russia, origin of the monarchy of, 978, 979. Geography
and trade of, 979, 980. Naval expeditions of the Rus
sians against Constantinople, 980. Reign of the car
Swatoslaus, 982. The Russians converted to Chris-
tianity, 983. Is conquered by the Moguls, 1116
Rustan, a Persian nobleman, a saying of his, expressive
of the danger of living under despots, 31.
Rutilius, his character of the monks of Capraria, 457.