a warm supporter of every movement that will advance the interests of his locality and the State of which he has been a part since his birth.

Garrison, Daniel R., manufacturer and railroad manager, was born November 23, 1815, in Orange County, New York. He learned the machinist's trade as a boy, and worked at it in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, prior to his coming to St. Louis. He located in that city in 1835 and took employment in the foundry and engine works of Kingsland, Lightner & Co. Five years later he formed a partnership with his brother, Oliver Garrison, and began the manufacture of steam engines and steam machinery of all kinds. This enterprise proved successful, and in 1840 the brothers sold out their foundry and machine works and retired from this branch of industry with handsome fortunes. When the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad enterprise was set on foot, Daniel R. Garrison became identified with it and was one of the moving spirits in advancing the road to completion. Afterward he took the vice presidency and general mangement of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and occupied that position during the Civil War, and until 1870. When the Missouri Pacific and the Atlantic & Pacific roads were consolidated he was made vice president and general manager of the consolidated interests, and served in that capacity until the property passed into the hands of Jay Gould. Later he built the Vulcan Iron Works of South St. Louis, and in company with others the Jupiter Iron Works, which were afterward consolidated as the Vulcan Iron and Bessemer Steel Works.

Garrison, James Harvey, clergyman, editor and author, was born on the 2d day of February, 1842, near Ozark, in what was then Greene-now Christian-County, Missouri. His maternal grandfather, Robert Kyle, was an Irishman, who migrated to this country from the North of Ireland soon after the Revolution, and located in Virginia. He was a soldier in the War of 1812, and died of sickness contracted in the army. His paternal grandfather, Isaac Garrison, was a North Carolinian, who migrated to east Tennessee about the beginning of the past century. His parents, James and Diana (Kyle) Garrison, moved from Hawkins County, east Ten

nessee, about the year 1835, and located in southwest Missouri, at the place above mentioned. In his early youth, James Harvey Garrison attended school at Ozark and became an adept in reading and spelling at a very early age. When eleven years old, his parents moved to a new and then unsettled part of the country, near where Billings is located. Here school advantages were scant, and hard work in opening a new farm took the place of study for a few years. At the age of fifteen years he made a public profession of religion, and united with the Baptist Church, of which his parents and grandparents before him were members, and began to take an active part in religious meetings, About this time a Yankee school-teacher, C. P. Hall, came into the neighborhood, and taught an excellent school for several terms, of which the subject of this sketch was a constant member, missing only a part of one term, to teach a district school, when he was sixteen years of age. The outbreak of the war found him again at Ozark, attending a high school, taught by the Yankee teacher above referred to. above referred to. The excitement following the firing on Fort Sumter caused the discontinuance of the school, and he identified himself with a company of home guards, whose rendezvous was Springfield. After the battle of Wilson's Creek, he enlisted in the Twentyfourth Missouri Infantry Volunteers, was soon promoted to the rank of first sergeant, and was wounded quite severely on the evening of the second day of the battle of Pea Ridge, in March, 1862. He raised a company for the Eighth Missouri Cavalry Volunteers as soon as he was able to perform active duty, and was commissioned as captain September 15, 1862. He continued his services in the Union Army until the close of the war, participating in several battles, acting as assistant inspector general of his brigade for more than a year, and being promoted to the rank of major for meritorious service during the last year of the war. When mustered out of the army in St. Louis, in 1865, he entered Abingdon College, in Abingdon, Illinois, and graduated in 1868 as bachelor of arts. One week after his graduation he was married to Miss Judith E. Garrett, of Camp Point, Illinois, who graduated in the same class with him, and who has been to him all that a faithful and affectionate wife can be to her husband. He entered college

Gasconade County.-A county a little east of the center of the State, bounded on the north by the Missouri River, which separates it from Montgomery and Warren Counties; east by Franklin and Crawford, south by Crawford and Phelps, and west by Maries and Osage Counties; area, 330,000 acres. The surface of the county is irregular, ranging from level prairie and bottom lands to ridges, hills and precipitous bluffs. The northern part is rough for some distance south of the Missouri River, with numerous valleys and rolling lands. The southern part is mostly table land, with numerous small prairies. Through the northwest section the Gasconade River winds in a devious course to the Missouri. The Bourbeuse River flows in an irregular course in a northwesterly direction through the southern part. The chief tributaries of the Gasconade are First, Second, Third and Pin Creeks, and of the Bourbeuse Dry Fork is the chief feeder, with numerous smaller streams. In the northern part Coal and Frene Creeks rise and flow into the Missouri River. In the northeastern part of the county are Boeuf, Berger and Little Berger Creeks. Numerous springs abound throughout the county. The valleys and bottom lands are rich, the soil a dark sandy loam of great productiveness. The prairie land. in the southern part is generally good, containing a clayey soil that produces well by careful cultivation. The hills and uplands have a light covering of clayey soil over gravel, and are good grass and fruit lands. The hills and valleys along the streams are generally covered with growths of timber, consisting chiefly of the different oaks, hickory, elm, walnut, cottonwood, etc. Much of the timber in the valleys has been cleared away and the land converted into farms. About 40 per cent of the land is under cultivation, the remainder being in timber and grazing lands. Wheat and corn are the chief cereal productions, the average yield per acre of the former being twenty bushels and the latter fifty bushels. All the vegetables grow well, particularly potatoes, which average 150 bushels to the acre. The surplus products shipped from the county in 1898 were: Cattle, 192 head; hogs, 12,880 head; sheep, 262 head; horses and mules, 19 head; wheat, 146,757 bushels; corn, 28,423 bushels; flour, 996,080 pounds; corn meal, 4,320 pounds; shipstuff, 103,040 pounds; clover

seed, 180,000 pounds; lumber, 51,500 feet; walnut logs, 6,000 feet; cross-ties, 172,066 cooperage, 13 cars; wool, 13,574 pounds; poultry, 219,783 pounds; eggs, 379,290 dozen; butter, 18,340 pounds; dressed meats, 7,837 pounds; game and fish, 8,658 pounds; lard and tallow, 18,452 pounds; hides and pelts, 90,150 pounds; apples, 497 barrels; fresh fruits, 3,070 pounds; dried fruit, 38,919 pounds; vegetables, 61,330 pounds; onions, 2,829 bushels; whisky and wine, 196,081 gallons; nuts, 7,840 pounds; nursery stock, 3,460 pounds; furs, 1,910 pounds; feathers, 2,428 pounds. The most profitable products are wheat, corn, stock and fruit. Wine manufacture is an important industry in Gasconade County. There are over one hundred wine-growers in the county, producing annually from 200 ally from 200 to 20,000 gallons of wine, not including the large manufacturers at Hermann. While the report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics is here given as official, the output of wine from Gasconade County annually is several times the amount given in the report. Iron in considerable quan

tities is found in the western and southern portions of the county, and in the southern part lead and zinc exist in considerable deposits. Some years ago a lead mine was opened up on the Bourbeuse, but was abandoned because of difficulty experienced in excluding the water. Lately the lead and zinc of the county have been attracting considerable attention, with promise of much activity in mining operations. Silicate and coal have been discovered, but no attempt to develop the deposits have been made. There is plenty of good building stone in all parts of the county. Along the Gasconade are numerous caves, some of which have in them deposits of saltpeter, which in the early history of the county was gathered and shipped to. St. Louis, where it was used in the manufacture of gunpowder. When these caves were first discovered, in some of them were found rude stone axes and hammers, which gave evidence that in remote periods they had been occupied for some purpose by Indians, or a race preceding them. Near one of the caves on the Gasconade are the ruins of an ancient town, only small traces of which now remain. Dr. Beck, in his "Gazetteer," published in 1821, gave a description of the town, which appears to have been laid out with considerable regularity in squares, and

at that time the stone walls of houses could be traced. On the west side of Gasconade, in the neighborhood of Mount Sterling, a wall of stone about twenty-five feet square, which gave evidence of being constructed with a marked degree of regularity, occupied a prominent position on a bluff overlooking the country. From this ruin a footpath, well defined, ran in a devious course down the cliff to the entrance of the cave, where was found a quantity of ashes and charcoal. All that remain of these ruins now are a few mounds, apparently Indian graves. Many relics, bones, axes, tomahawks, arrow heads, etc., have been found. On Dry Fork is an interesting cave-Bear Cave-so called by the early hunters, who believed it to be the lurking place of those animals. Also on Dry Fork is Beaver Pond, the margin of which is dotted with small islands, said to be the work of beavers. Long before Lewis and Clark ascended the Missouri River venturesome hunters and trappers had visited Gasconade County, but it is not recorded that any of them became permanent settlers. The names of those who had the distinction of first becoming residents of the territory now within the limits of the county are lost even to tradition. It is recorded that in 1812 Henry Reed settled on a tract of land near the Bourbeuse, in what is now Brush Creek Township. Prior to that date James Roark had settled on land about three miles southeast of the present site of Hermann, and William West, Isaac Perkins, G. Packett and James Kegans and a few others were hunters and trappers along the Gasconade River, and seemed to have lived on the friendliest terms with the Shawnee Indians, who then made that country their hunting ground. In 1818 Philip Tacket entered a tract of land on the Gasconade River, and became the first real estate owner in the county. Only one incident in early history is recorded of any unfriendly demonstration on the part of the Indians. Isaac Best ran a horse mill on the Gasconade, in what is now the northeastern part of the county. For protection, he had a block house and kept a number of cur dogs, trained to bark upon the approach of Indians. One day, while working at his mill along with a man named Callahan, the barking of his dogs attracted his attention. Both men going outside the stockade were shot at from ambush by the

Indians and Callahan was disabled. The Indians succeeded in securing the horses belonging to both men. Best and Callahan abandoned the mill, and in a canoe made their way down the river to the nearest settlement. Gasconade County was organized by legislative act, approved November 25, 1820. It was erected out of Franklin County, and attached to it was all the unorganized territory of the State to the south and west, and, like Wayne County, it was called, in a jocular way, the "State of Gasconade." It was named after its principal river, which, when the county was organized, flowed through it from south to north. The territory included in it was reduced by organization of other counties until it nearly reached its present limits in 1835. In 1869 the last change was made, when thirty-six square miles were taken from it and added to Crawford County. The first county seat was called Bartonville, and later the name was changed to Mount Sterling. The village is now in the southwest corner of Boulware Township, near the western line, twenty-four miles from Hermann. When the county was organized (1820) it had a population of 1,174; in 1830, 1,545. After 1830 its settlement was more rapid, and in 1836 within its borders were 3,012, and in 1840 the number was swelled to 5,330. January 15, 1821, the first county court for Gasconade County was organized, at the residence of John G. Heath, with Honorable John Woollans, presiding judge; William Dodds and Moses Welton, associate justices. The court appointed Samuel Owens clerk, and Daniel Waldo produced his credentials and furnished bond as sheriff. The home of Heath was the regular meeting place of both the circuit and county courts until 1825. For the next three years the courts met at the house of Isaac Perkins, and from 1828 to 1832 at the house of David Waldo, at Shockley's Bluff, or, as it was later called, Mount Sterling, which place, in 1828 was voted upon and made the permanent county seat. In 1832 a small log courthouse, one story in height, was built on a fifty-acre tract, which was donated to the county by Shockley and Isaac Perkins. This tract was laid out in town lots and became known as Mount Sterling. A small log cabin was rented for jail purposes. jail purposes. Mount Sterling remained the county seat until 1842, when, by vote, it

was changed to the town of Hermann, which, a few years before, had been founded by a colony of Germans. The people of Hermann gave $3,000 toward the building of a courthouse, which, in 1840, was completed at a cost of $4,000. The building was located on the mound which is now the public square, and upon which the present magnificent courthouse stands. This tract of land, in 1818, was purchased by Robert Heath for one barrel of salt. When the county seat was changed the county paid the residents of Mount Sterling, by way of damages on account of the removal of the seat of justice, $2,724, and they relinquished their rights to the town lots of the fifty-acre tract. This tract was sold by Robert Cooper, who was appointed to adjust the claims of the county in the matter, to Rebecca Perkins for $408, which amount was used to pay damages to those who relinquished their rights to town lots, the balance required for this purpose being paid by the county in scrip, which was then worth only twenty-five cents. on the dollar. For many years the county has been out of debt, and is in high financial condition. A few attempts have been made to remove the county seat. But, through the munificence of a prominent citizen, Charles D. Eitzen, the county seat has been perpetually located at Hermann. Mr. Eitzen died January 1, 1894, and in his will, among other bequests, he left $50,000 for the $50,000 for the building of a courthouse. His will provided that the courthouse should be built on the mound occupied by the old courthouse at Hermann. In compliance with the provisions of his will, the county court accepted the gift, and, in 1896, a courthouse, which is one of the most substantial and artistic in the State, was built. Mr. Eitzen, who had accumulated considerable wealth in the mercantile business in Hermann, also bequeathed $1,000 to each of the three churches in Hermann; $5,000 to the school, and $500 to the public park. The first circuit court for Gasconade County met on the fourth Monday in January, 1821, Honorable Rufus Pettibone, judge of the Second Judicial District, presiding. There was no important business before the first court. At the second session, May 28, 1821, the first grand jury was appointed. The first attorney to present his license and to get permission to practice before the courts of the county was Stephen W. Fore

man. The first case tried by the court was the State vs. John McDonal, for assaulting Hiram Scott. In this case the complaining witness, Scott, was compelled to pay the costs. The first divorce case, and the third case to be tried in the court, was Nancy Eads vs. John Eads, and the prayer of the petitioner was granted. Before the earliest sessions of the court there were few important cases, the records showing that "assault and battery," "for stealing fish gig," etc., were the principal charges the court was required to pass upon. The first indictment for manslaughter was returned by the grand jury Thursday, October 4, 1827, against John Tacket for slaying Samuel Gibson. Tacket was found guilty and sentenced to jail for one year and one day and fined $50. The first newspaper published in Gasconade County was the "Wochenblatt," started at Hermann by Edward Meuhl and C. P. Strehli, in 1843. Mr. Meuhl died in 1854, and that year the paper was published by Mr. Jacob Graf, who changed the name to the "Volksblatt." In 1870 Mr. Graf died, and his widow continued to publish the paper, with Rudolph Hirzel editor. In 1873 Mrs. Graf sold the paper to Charles Eberhardt, and at the end of the year purchased it back, and also the "Gasconade County Advertiser," which had been started by Eberhardt. These publications were published by Mrs. Graf, in company with Joseph Leising, until 1880, when her two sons, under the firm name of Graf Brothers, succeeded to the ownership of both papers. In 1874 the "Gasconade Courier" was started. This, in 1877, was acquired by the Graf brothers, who consolidated it with the "Advertiser," under the name of "Advertiser-Courier," and it is still published by them, as is also the "Volksblatt." A few years ago the "Republican Banner" was established. Gasconade County has few papers. It has a county poor farm, but all the county poor are sustained at a cost to the taxpayers of less than $400 a year. less than $400 a year. Gasconade County is divided into eight townships, named, respectively, Boeuf, Boulware, Bourboir, Brush Creek, Canaan, Richland, Roark, and Third Creek. The assessed value of real estate and town lots in the county in 1900 was $2,050,017; estimated full value, $4,500,000; assessed value of personal property, including stocks, bonds, etc., $1,295,268; estimated