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and, in fact, until advancing years impaired his activity, he was a great lover of field sports, and particularly delighted in the oldtime fox hunt. He was popular in all circles, and in both professional and everyday life was always the genial and companionable gentleman. Dr. Harris has been twice married-first to Miss Jane McDonald, who died in 1861. In 1865 he married Mrs. Eva A. (Crews) Bishop, who was born and reared in Missouri. His children are Robert M. Harris, a farmer of Grundy County; Mrs. Anna Bowlin, who is married to a Grundy County farmer; Mrs. Lillie Retlish, whose home is at St. Joseph, Missouri; Ada and Pearl Harris, both of whom reside in Trenton. Another daughter, May Harris, is dead. James L. Bishop, a lawyer, who resides at Selma, Alabama, is a son of Mrs. Harris, born of her first marriage.

Harris, Samuel Stanhope, physician and surgeon, was born in Jackson, Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, December 26, 1836, and died in St. Louis, December 6, 1899. He was a son of Dr. Elam W. and Mary (Alexander) Harris, both natives of North Carolina, who became residents of Missouri in 1821, first locating at Farmington, and afterward at Jackson, Missouri. The maternal grandfather of Dr. S. S. Harris, Abraham Alexander, and his uncle, Charles Alexander, and also his paternal grandfather, were signers of the famous "Mecklenburg Declaration," in May, 1775, and were active in advancing the glorious cause it represented. His maternal great-grandfather, Caleb Phifer, was a colonel in the Revolutionary War, and served with distinction. Samuel S. Harris, in his youth, attended the private academy at Pleasant Hill, near Jack son, and later entered the college at Lexington, Missouri, from which he was graduated when eighteen years of age. He was of a family of physicians, and it was but natural that he should incline toward the profession of medicine, and to fit himself for his life's work he entered Bellevue Medical College, of New York City, from which he received his diploma when he was twenty-one years old, and in an open competition of all graduates won the postgraduate prize, which carried with it the appointment of house surgeon for two years. In 1860 he returned to Jackson, Missouri, and commenced practice,

with success from the beginning. Then were tumultuous times; the war for the Confederacy was at hand, and Dr. Harris abandoned his practice and entered into armed championship of the cause of the South. He organized a company of cavalry that became noted as the "Swamp Rangers," and later recruited a company of artillery and served with it at the battle of Fredericktown, where he distinguished himself for bravery; the guns being deserted by his men, he stood in the open field alone, facing the Federal force, manning the cannon the best he could, until it meant certain death to remain longer, and his comrades almost by force compelled him to retreat. His battery took a prominent part in the naval engagement at Fort Pillow. When the famous ironclad ram "Arkansas" started on its trip down the Yazoo River to encounter the fleet of Admiral Farragut and Davis, volunteers were called for. Among the first to respond were Captain S. S. Harris and Lieutenant J. C. Galvin, with sixty of General Jeff Thompson's men. The history. of the "Arkansas" and its crew is one of the most thrilling, telling of bravery unequaled in the Civil War, and is well known to both. Confederate and Federal veterans. Captain Harris, throughout all the adventures of the "Arkansas," in all of its victories, had charge of its batteries that dealt such awful blows to the ships of the Federal fleet, and his record is one of heroism fitting for the annals of the most worthy military achievements. At the termination of the war Dr. Harris settled at Water Valley, Mississippi, where he practiced. medicine for a short time, and then removed to Cape Girardeau, Missouri, where, until his death, he remained, except for a short time, when he was surgeon for the Scotia Iron Company, in Jefferson County. As a physician he acquired a high reputation and enjoyed a large practice. He was inclined toward literature, and was a contributor to numerous medical journals on matters pertaining to his profession; also devoting considerable attention to the preparation of miscellaneous articles for the magazines and daily papers. In public enterprises he was foremost, and always active in the promotion of the best interests of his city and county. In politics he was Democratic, and active in affairs of his party. For eight years he was a member of the Board of Pension Examiners, and in 1886 he was appointed post

master of Cape Girardeau, serving for nearly three years, when he resigned, owing to his practice demanding his whole attention. The parents of Dr. Harris were of the Presbyterian faith, and in that church he was baptized, and until he reached manhood was a regular attendant at its services. For a number of years he was favorably inclined toward the Roman Catholic Church, and later attended the Episcopalian Church, in which, for a number of years, he was superintendent of the Sunday school. In this church his children were baptized, though he himself was never confirmed. He was entirely free from any sentiment that could be classed as bigotry, but was sincere as a Christian, and respected the religious convictions of all. Yet he was so faithful to duty that he never neglected to use his good influence to induce his patients, whose recovery was impossible, to call a priest or minister and receive baptism and communion. He was benevolent and charitable, and was never known to refuse a worthy cause his hearty support. Dr. Harris was twice married. His first wife, to whom he was united January 10, 1867, was Miss Amanda Brown, daughter of Lieutenant Governor Brown. She died in April, 1868, leaving one child, Mary Amanda Harris, now the wife of E. F. Blomeyer, of Cape Girardeau, general manager of the Southern Missouri & Arkansas Railroad. In 1880 Dr. Harris married Miss Julia E. Russell, of Jackson, Missouri, a daughter of Joseph W. and Mary L. (Frizel) Russell. Two children were born of this union, but died in infancy. The father of Mrs. Harris, Joseph W. Russell, was of an old Virginia family, who came from England prior to the Revolution. Her mother, Mary L. F. Russell, was a daughter of Joseph and Sarah (Bolinger) Frizel, and was born and reared in Jackson, Missouri. When she was thirteen years of age she made a journey by stage coach to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, to the Moravian Seminary, where she was educated in part, for she was a student all her life. She was a brilliant woman, of many accomplishments, a devoted Christian of the Episcopalian faith, and for more than forty years was a member of the church. She was baptized into the church by Rev. Dr. Horrell, rector of Christ Church, St. Louis, Missouri, in whose diary is the record: "Rode a horse from St. Louis to Jackson, September 4, 1823. Baptized Mary Frizel

and sister, after reading funeral service at the grave of their father." Joseph Frizel was of an old English family, which came to America at an early date and settled in Boston, and the Pemberton and Vance families were among his ancestors. About 1805 Joseph Frizel settled in St. Louis and engaged in the mercantile business, later removing to Jackson, where he continued in business until his death. Sarah Bolinger Frizel, his wife, was a woman of rare accomplishments. While quite young she rode on horseback from her home, at Jackson, to Salem, North Carolina, to attend the Moravian Seminary. In 1816 she brought by wagon the first piano across the Mississippi River, and the instrument is still in the possession of the family. She was a daughter of George Frederick Bolinger, who located in the Territory, now Missouri, in 1796. Removing to North Carolina, he returned with his own and twenty other families in 1800, having received large concessions from the Spanish. He was a colonel under Commandant Louis Lorimier. His father, Henry Bolinger, was killed in the Revolution. The Bolinger family was prominent in the early affairs of Missouri. Members of the family have in their possession a number of pieces of old silverware marked with the Frizel family crest, one of the early Bibles, with the Pemberton name on its silver clasp, and many other valuable heirlooms.

Harris, William Torrey, eminent as an educator, and present United States Commissioner of Education, was born at North Killingly, Connecticut, September 10, 1835In the common schools and such academies as Phillips (Andover) he received his early education, and for two years and a half he was a student at Yale College, but left before graduating. That institution, however, bestowed on him, in 1869, the degree of A. M., and, in 1895, the degree of LL. D. In 1893 Brown University honored him with the degree of Ph. D. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him successively by the University of Missouri, in 1870, the University of Pennsylvania, in 1894, and the Princeton University, in 1896. His contributions to the educational exhibit of the United States at Paris, the "Saint Louis Annual School Reports," published in thirteen volumes, attracted such attention that he was tendered

the honorary title of "Officier de l'Academie," signifying office of the educational system of France, the reports themselves being placed in the pedagogical library of the University of Public Instruction. In 1889 he also received the title of "Officier de l'Instruction Publique." In 1880 he represented the United States Bureau of Education at the International Congress of Educators at Brussels, and, returning to America, settled at Concord, Massachusetts, where he took a prominent place as member of the School of Philosophy. In 1889 he again represented the United States Bureau of Education at the Paris Exposition, and the same year was appointed Commissioner of Education of the United States, and removed to Washington, D. C. In 1857 he became a resident of St. Louis, where, for twenty-three years, he was teacher, principal, assistant superintendent and superintendent of public schools, holding the last named office from 1867 to 1880. During this period of superintendency he witnessed an increase in the attendance of the schools of from 17,000 to 55,000 pupils. Resigning in 1880 on account of failing health, Dr. Harris was, by the citizens of St. Louis, presented with a gold medal costing $500, and a purse of $1,000, in grateful recognition "of his faithful and distinguished service." The history of the public school system of St. Louis, prepared by Dr. Harris for this "Encyclopedia," recounts the results accomplished during his notable administration. But not alone as a school educator were the uncommon acquirements of Dr. Harris displayed during his residence in St. Louis. In 1866 he was the founder of the Philosophical Society of St. Louis. The "Journal of Speculative Philosophy," established by him in 1867, was the first attempt of its kind in the English language, and he has continued to edit and publish it without interruption. In 1870 he was president of the National Educational Association. Since he removed from St. Louis he has found time for an immense amount of scientific and literary work. For the American Social Science Association, of which he has been an officer for nearly twenty years, he has written many papers. He was assistant editor of "Johnson's Cyclopedia," contributing forty articles on philosophy and psychology. In co-operation with A. J. Rickoff and Mark

Bailey he prepared the "Appleton's School Readers," and with Duane Doty, of Detroit, drew up for the Educational Bureau the first formulated "Statement of the Theory of American Education." In 1898 he was the editor of "Appleton's International Education Series." From his constant contributions to the foremost magazines, an "Introduction to the Study of Philosophy" has been compiled. He is a deeply versed and eminent expounder of German thought, and has recently published "Hegel's Logic." This, with a commentary on "The Spiritual Sense of Dante's Divina Commedia," is ranked as marking an era in the history of mutual development in the United States. In 1898 he published "Psychologic Foundations of Education," a volume on the psychology of school work, art and philosophy, and especially of the institutions of civilizations. A record of devotion to the subject of intellectual enlightenment so constant, so untiring, so steadily aimed, often hampered by physical discouragements, is itself a monument.

Harrison, Clifford Melvin, editor and legislator, was born May 22, 1863, at Fairview, Cambria County, Pennsylvania, eight miles from Johnstown. His father, Christian Harrison, who was a school teacher, farmer and merchant, was also a native of Cambria County. His mother's maiden name was Caroline Watters, and she was born in Wayne County, Ohio. In the paternal line Mr. Harrison is descended from English ancestry, and his antecedents on the mother's side were Scotch-Irish. His father died in February 1900, at the age of sixtyeight years, and his mother in August, 1883, at the age of forty-nine years. In 1867, when he was four years of age, his parents removed from Cambria County, Pennsylvania, to Blackhawk County, Iowa, where his early life was uneventfully passed upon a farm. There he obtained the rudiments of an education in the public schools. When he was eleven years old the family removed to Grant City, Worth County, Missouri, where the youthful Harrison worked at anything he could find to do during the summer months, and attended school during the winter months of each year, until he was fifteen years of age. He then apprenticed himself to the "Grant City Star," and spent the following three years learning the