and would be held responsible for the conduct and personal appearance at court for trial of all whom they thus countenanced. June 1st a body of 280 Regulators rode into Springfield and formed in front of the courthouse. Speeches were made by Senator J. A. Mack, Colonel James H. Baker, Major Downing and the Rev. Mr. Brown, deprecating the necessity for such an organization, but defending it in its purposes and actions. Colonel John S. Phelps and Colonel John M. Richardson answered these speeches, pleading that the civil law should be regarded, and calling upon all good citizens to aid in the restoration of good order through its operation. The regulators rode away without further demonstration. They maintained their organization for some time afterward, but without the commission of such excesses as before.

Greenfield.-The county seat of Dade County, thirty-nine miles northwest of Springfield, and 270 miles southwest of St. Louis. It is the terminus of the Greenfield & Northern Railway, which connects with the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Memphis Railway at South Greenfield, three and one-half miles south. The town stands upon a plateau two miles west of Turnback Creek, at an elevation of 200 feet above the stream. A twostory brick courthouse, erected in 1848 at a cost of $12,000, stands in the center of a wellkept public square. There are two public school buildings, one for white children costing $12,000, and one for colored children. Ozark College (which see), a collegiate institution under care of Ozark Presbytery, has a building erected at a cost of $12,000. There are churches of the Baptist, Christian, Methodist Episcopal, Cumberland Presbyterian and Presbyterian denominations. There are two weekly newspapers, the "Vidette," Republican, and the "Advocate," Democratic. The fraternal societies are four Masonic bodies, two lodges, a chapter and a commandery; a lodge of United Workmen and a Grand Army Post. There the two banks, the R. S. Jacobs Banking Company and the Dade County Bank, with an aggregate capital of $100,000; an operahouse, two hotels; a steam flouring mill and a sawmill. It is a large shipping point for coal, wheat, fruit, cattle, horses, mules and wool. In 1899 the

population was 1,600. It was made the county seat (see Dade County) in 1841. It was platted in 1841 and was incorporated as a city of the fourth class in 1867. It was first settled in 1833 or 1834. Matthias H. Allison was the first to locate on the immediate site; those who located near by, and were identified with the early history of the place were Joseph Allison and his son James, George Davidson, William Hampton, John Lack, John M. Rankin and Peter Hoyle. In 1839-40 came Samuel Weir, Aaron Finch, Jonathan Parris and John C. Wetzel; and in 1841, Jefferson D. Montgomery and William K. Lathim: Weir and Montgomery were Cumberland Presbyterian ministers; the latter named married a daughter of the former, and their marriage was one of the earliest, if not the first in the town. Madison Campbell erected the first business building in 1841. The first merchant was John W. Wilson, who carried on business for Caleb Jones & Co., of Polk County. A post-office was established in 1841 or 1842, W. K. Lathim being the first postmaster. John Wells' Hotel, built in 1853, was the first brick building after the courthouse. The Cumberland Presbyterians organized a church in the vicinity in 1839, with the Rev. J. D. Montgomery as pastor; it was disrupted during the war, reorganized at Greenfield, and in 1868 the present frame house of worship was erected, at a cost of $2,500. Ebenezer Baptist Church was formed June 4, 1842, by the Rev. G. W. Bell; the first church edifice of brick was erected in 1854, and in 1884 it was replaced by the present structure, which cost $4,500.

At the beginning of the war the town numbered about 300 inhabitants. The merchants removed their stocks elsewhere, and many of the people went away. After peace was restored the town was rebuilt with substantial business blocks and neat cottage residences of modern design.

Greenfield, Attack on.-When General Shelby, in the latter part of September, 1863, had captured the Federal garrison at Neosho, he moved rapidly on Greenfield, where a Federal force was stationed, and, surrounding the place at daylight, made prisoners of the little garrison and burned the courthouse, on the pretense that it had been used as a fort by the Federals.

Greenlee, Aubrey R., physician, was born May 11, 1871, in Johnson County, Missouri. His parents were William P. and Barbara W. (Enlow) Greenlee. The father, a native of Kentucky, came to Missouri when quite young, became a farmer in Johnson. County, and was for four years in the Confederate service as a member of General Price's body guard. He was a member of the Legislature from Johnson County during Governor Woodson's administration, and by appointment by the same official he was a regent of the State Normal School at Warrensburg. For some years he was engaged in the grocery business in Kansas City, where he and his wife are now living in pleasant retirement. Their son, Aubrey, was educated in the public schools in Kansas City and in the State Normal School at Warrensburg. As a youth he was engaged with his father in the grocery business. In 1888 he read medicine under the tutorship of Dr. J. R. Snell, in Kansas City, and then entered the University Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1892. After practicing in Kansas City one year he was appointed assistant city physician, a position which he capably occupied for two years. He then resumed the general practice, to which he brought thorough preparation and the enthusiasm which characterizes one engaged in a profession for which he possesses marked aptitude. He was appointed in 1898 lecturer on minor surgery in the Columbian Medical College, and yet occupies that position. He is a member of the Jackson County Medical Society, a member of the order of Modern Woodmen, and of the Modern Brotherhood of America. In the last-named order he has served as examining physician, and is the present secretary and treasurer of the local lodge. In religion he is a Baptist, and in politics a Democrat.

Greentop.-An incorporated village in Schuyler County, on the Wabash Railroad,

about seventeen miles south of Lancaster.

It was founded in 1855, and was incorporated in 1860. It has two churches, a public school, a sawmill, flourmill, seven general stores, a drug store, etc. Population, 1899 (estimated), 400.

Greenville.-See "Miami."

Greenville.-A city of the fourth class, the county seat of Wayne County, located in

St. Francois Township, on the St. Francis River, the terminal point of the Williamsville, Greenville & St. Louis Railroad. The town was laid out in 1819 on Spanish land grant No. 787 by the commissioners appointed to locate a seat of justice for Wayne County. When the town was laid out its site was a corn field, and the streets were laid out according to the rows of corn. The first store in the town was opened in 1824 by Messrs. Van Horn & Wheeler. In 1827 another store was opened by William Creath. The first medical practitioner was Elijah Bettis. The first members of the medical profession to become residents of the town were Dr. E. H. Bennett and Dr. Payne. Owing to its isolated location, the growth of the town was slow. In 1826 it was inundated by an overflow of the St. Francis, and again much damage was done by high water in 1863. first newspaper published in the town was the "Reporter," started in 1869 by C. P. Rotrock. rock. In 1872 the "Democrat" was established, and in 1877 the "Journal." The present papers of the town are the "Wayne County Journal," published by Clarence Carleton, and the "Sun," by J. S. Marsh. Greenville has a graded public school, Baptist, Methodist, Christian and Catholic Churches, three hotels, a flouring mill and numerous stores and other business places. Population, 1899 (estimated), 950.

The

Greenwood. -A town in Jackson County, platted in 1867 by Alfred Hanscom, R. W. Price, Frank Brooks, and Rev. S. G. Clark, in four sections. It is situated on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and contains stores, churches, schools, etc. Lincoln College, under the auspices of the United Presbyterian Church, was founded there in 1870. The population is 500.

Greenwood, James Mickleborough, superintendent of the public schools numbered among the most distinguished eduof Kansas City for a quarter century, and

His

cators in America, was born November 15, 1837, in Sangamon County, Illinois. parents were Edmond and Jeannette (Foster) Greenwood; the father was a lineal descendant of William Greenwood, who emigrated from England to Virginia in 1635. His grandfather, Peyton Foster, was descended from a Huguenot family that settled

in South Carolina. His grandmother, on his mother's side, from the Daniels and Mickleboroughs of Virginia. James M. Greenwood was reared upon a farm near where his grandfather settled, in Illinois, in 1824. When eight years of age he first attended a country school, and as soon as he had learned to read devoted all his spare time to perusing such books as he could obtain in the neighborhood. In 1852 his father removed with his family to Adair County, Missouri, near the present site of Brashear, where he is now living. Young Greenwood alternately occupied his time in farm work, hunting and study. The nearest schoolhouse was seven miles distant, and his studies were pursued at home during evenings and on rainy days. Text books were scarce, but the death of a scholarly man at some distance brought to sale a number of volumes, which the young student secured from the proceeds of the sale of a two-year-old steer; these included. a Latin grammar and a copy of Virgil, a first and second book on Spanish, an elementary work on algebra, geometry and surveying, Butler's "Analogy" and Olmstead's "Philosophy." Without the aid of a teacher he easily mastered the mathematics, solving every algebraic problem, notwithstanding he had never before seen a work upon that subject. He became proficient in philosophy, and acquired a fair knowledge of Latin and Spanish. His general reading was limited to the few books belonging to the family, comprising a few standard English authors. Valuable as was the knowledge derived through his persistent effort, his course of conduct was of more momentous importance in intensifying his desire for education, and in laying the foundations for a pre-eminently useful life in a profession which he came. to adorn. It may be said that from that day he has been an incessant student. Until he was sixteen years old he had attended school only six seasons; from that time until he was twenty years of age he attended school but twenty-five days. In 1857 he entered the Methodist Seminary, at Canton, Missouri, then one of the best schools in northeastern Missouri, where he made a record without a parallel in its history; he would have completed a four years' course in ten months had he not been obliged to discontinue his studies on account of ill health. As it was he did practically complete the course, suc

cessfully passing examination in twenty different branches. For several years afterward Mr. Greenwood worked upon his father's farm, pursuing his studies in the meantime. While here, November 1, 1859, he married Miss Amanda McDaniel, then a teacher in Kirksville, who, with similar ambition and talent for schoolroom work, was in after years his efficient colaborer and inspirer in the line of his profession. From 1862 until late in 1864, he served in the Missouri State Militia. He first essayed the work of a teacher when but sixteen years of age, in Adair County, Missouri, and notwithstanding his youth proved himself a capable instructor and disciplinarian, successfully overcoming a number of insubordinate pupils who sought to impose upon him. At a later day he was urged to apply for a vacant school at Lima, Illinois, but answered that he was averse to such methods for obtaining employment. He was induced to visit the town, upon invitation from the school directors, one of whom inquired as inquired as to his politics. Greenwood answered: "None of your business. If you want politics taught in your school, you must look for another teacher, for I am too good a patriot to be a partisan, and too good a Christian to be a sectarian." He was engaged, conditioned upon his obtaining a certificate from the school commissioner of the county. The commissioner wrote the required questions upon a blackboard and allowed him three hours in which to make his answers. Mr. Greenwood asked for an immediate oral examination, which was granted, and upon satisfactorily answering all the questions propounded, he received a first grade certificate, the first so issued in the county. In 1864 he returned to Adair County, Missouri, where he taught a short term of school during the following winter. He afterward performed clerical duty in the offices of the circuit clerk and of the county clerk of the county. In the fall of 1865 he again taught the school at Lima, Illinois, and the following year taught a school in Knox County, Illinois. In September, 1867, Dr. Joseph Baldwin, ever conspicuous for his services in behalf of popular education during his fourteen years of residence in Missouri, opened a private normal school at Kirksville, and employed Mr. Greenwood as teacher of mathematics and logic, which position he successfully occupied for seven

years. In this position he became recognized throughout Missouri and adjoining States as an unusually accomplished mathematician. During his term of service in this institution Mrs. Greenwood served as principal of the model training department. In 1861 was held the first teachers' institute in northeastern Missouri, Mr. Greenwood being one of the originators of the movement, and an active participant in its work. Without application, Mr. and Mrs. Greenwood were called to the service of Mount Pleasant College, at Huntsville, Missouri, Mr. Greenwood as teacher of mathematics, logic, rhetoric and reading, and Mrs. Greenwood as teacher of botany, history and primary work. They resigned six months afterward, Mr. Greenwood having accepted the chair of mathematics in Kirksville Normal School, which had become a State school. He had been offered the presidency, which he declined, stating that Dr. Baldwin had established the school, and that it would be manifest injustice to displace him. In 1874 Mr. Greenwood entered upon his present position, in which he has successfully maintained himself, and gained the distinction of having given to the schools of Kansas City their unexcelled position in the educational world. In June of that year, J. V. C. Karnes, then treasurer of the board of education of Kansas City, wrote Mr. Greenwood, urging him. to apply for the superintendency of the schools, soon to become vacant. He declined to, do so, but was induced to go to Kansas City, where he reiterated his refusal, but consented to serve if elected. He returned to Kirksville, where he was apprised of his election over sixteen applicants, several of whom were men of eminent capability. The population of Kansas City was then but 28,000, and the schools were just becoming well established. There were obstacles to contend with, growing out of discordant elements and limited means. Mr. Greenwood at once set himself to the task of restoring harmony, and of creating a public sentiment which would afford adequate moral and financial support. His efforts were gradually successful, and among the first beneficent results was the elimination incompetent teachers. A teachers' institute was organized, and out of its discussions at stated meetings grew improvement in methods of management, discipline and class reci

of

same

tations. tations. His second year witnessed a net gain of 255 in average daily attendance. At the close of the school year of 1877-8 the schools were recognized as unsurpassable in the West, and from that time there has been a steady improvement in the morale and in methods of instruction and management, commensurate with the increased number of pupils and cost of maintenance. Mr. Greenwood is a conspicuous example of the class of men who achieve great results through entire and conscientious devotion to the present task. As has been said by his biographers, Wilfred R. Hollister and Harry Norman, who tell the story of his life in their volume entitled "Five Famous Missourians," "every fibre of his being is permeated with educational ideas; every stroke of his pen, every word from his mouth, every movement of his body, is to the development of a supreme ideal." Keeping in touch with all the progressiveness of the educational world, and with the great self-assertion born of a consciousness of the dignity of his position, and the responsibilities attaching to it, he at the in time encourages independence thought and act in principals and assistant teachers, gladly hailing the working out of a new idea, and bestowing unstinted praise when deserved. At the same time he is relentless in his opposition to mere experiments and fads. For every contemplated innovation, he must see at the foundation a recognizable want, and as a result a real advantage. To his effort is due the effectual systematic organization of laboratory science and literature studies in the Kansas City high school, the first in the entire West to introduce these systems, now in vogue in nearly all institutions of similar grade. well defined principle in his policy with reference to the employment of teachers, said to be peculiar to himself and unobserved elsewhere in any large city in the United States, is his entire disregard of local influence, or of the so-called claims of home teachers. He regards the entire educational field as subject to his purpose, and his sole endeavor is to secure the most capable instructors, regardless of place of residence, school of instruction, nationality, sex, religion or politics. A factor contributing in no small degree to his great success, is his intensely interesting personality. A man well read in books, a keen observer of all types

A

of humanity, an experienced traveler, he is one whose companionship pleases as well as instructs, while at the same time he commands that respect and admiration which are accorded to him who unconsciously advises his associates of a lofty ideal and the highest moral purpose. Exceedingly resourceful in history, philosophy, general literature and art, he is equally interesting upon the platform or in the press, and he never appears except when he may serve some good purpose. In the field of authorship he has contributed much of permanent value. His great ability as a mathematician led to his appointment, in 1884, to revise Ray's "Higher Arithmetic." In 1887 he wrote his well known work, "Principles of Education Practically Applied," published by D. Appleton & Co., and the following year he wrote for Butler's "Advanced Geography" the historical sketch of Missouri, equivalent to a duodecimo volume of eighty pages. In 1890 he wrote "A Complete Manual on Teaching Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry," published by Maynard, Merrill & Co. In association with Dr. Artemas Martin he wrote "A History of American Arithmetics, and a Biographical Sketch of the Authors," which was issued as a government publication. For years his services have been required as a reviser of standard arithmetics and other mathematical works. His annual reports as superintendent of the Kansas City public schools are a mass of valuable educational literature, which have received the commendation of the highest educational authorities in the country, and have had a marked. influence in the school world. He is widely and favorably known as a frequent contributor to leading magazines and reviews, and particularly to educational journals. In 1895 he made a tour of Europe, in company with some distinguished men, among whom were Dr. William T. Harris, United States Commissioner of Education; Charles A. Dana, editor of the New York "Sun," and others. Observation of the progress of education in the principal European countries was his special purpose, and his detailed account through the American press was exceedingly interesting and instructive. As a lecturer he is entertaining, always original and logical, and on occasion eloquent; since 1870 he has delivered more than a thousand addresses throughout the country, reaching the most.

remote States in all directions. From time to time he has been called upon to occupy unremunerative positions conferred upon him in compliment to his high attainments, and in order to secure the benefits of his valuable services. In 1876 he served as president of the Missouri State Teachers' Association. In 1884 he was elected a member of the National Council of the Educational Association, and for years was chairman of its committee on statistics. In 1887 he was elected a life director of the National Educational Association. From 1890 to 1895 he served as treasurer of the latter body, and in 1897 he was elected to the presidency. He wields great personal influence in this and other educational bodies, and it was largely through his effort that Dr. William T. Harris was called from the superintendency of the St. Louis public schools to the position of United States Commissioner of Education, by appointment of President Harrison, to whom Mr. Harris was politically opposed, and it was the successful mission of Mr. Greenwood to procure the assent of the nominee, in advance of formal action. In 1897 Mr. Greenwood received, as a fitting recognition of his scholarly attainments and his intelligent effort in behalf of education, one of the highest honors that could be conferred upon him. Without previous knowledge on his part, and without solicitation from any outside sources, the curators of the University of Missouri conferred upon him the degree of doctor of laws. Dr. Greenwood is in the prime of his physical and mental powers, and gives promise of unimpaired activity and usefulness during many years to come.

F. Y. Hedley.

Greenwood, Moses, Jr., civil engineer and real estate operator, was born May 30, 1862, in New Orleans, Louisiana, son of Moses M. and Mary (Whittelsey) Greenwood. His father was for thirty years engaged in business as a member of the firm of Moses Greenwood & Son, cotton factors, of New Orleans. His mother was a native of New Haven, Connecticut, and his greatgrandfather served with a Massachusetts regiment as a soldier of the Revolution. Reared in New Orleans, Moses Greenwood, Jr., was fitted for college at the University High School, of that city, and then went to Roanoke College, of Virginia, from which