of the king's, went, with two notaries, to announce to the Legates that their powers had been recalled. They were then in the country together, about twelve miles. out of London.' The lawyer sent by the king at the same time2 declared in the presence of them all that the king wished nothing further to be done in England, all the pleadings would be carried on in Rome. The Legates respected the Papal order, and hopes were entertained that the king would listen to better counsels, when Campeggio received letters from the Pope ordering him to return to Rome immediately.

Then the king, for the first time losing all hopes that the question would be decided in his favour, burned with unutterable rage, and throwing the blame of the whole process deservedly upon Wolsey, who was the original cause of it, showed in unmistakable ways that he meant to do him a mischief. Many of the chief personages observing this-they had long regarded Wolsey with envious eyes, for his will was supreme in the administration of the state-took counsel together, and drew up very grave charges against him, which they reduced to writing, signed, and presented to the king.3 The king showed them that he was pleased. Meanwhile, however, he concealed his purpose until Campeggio should have left the country, which he did September 7,* and had his baggage searched by order of the king.

1 At the Moor, a house belonging to the abbey of St. Alban's, and which Wolsey inhabited as the abbot of that monastery.-Theiner, p. 587. 2 The notice was served on the two Cardinals Sept. 6, 1529.-Theiner, P. 587.

3 Hall, p. 759. "When the nobles and prelates perceived that the king's favour was from the Cardinal sore minished, every man of the king's council began to lay to him such

offences as they knew by him, and all their accusations were written in a book, and all their hands set to it, to the number of thirty-and-four, which book they presented to the king"

* Sept. 7 may have been the day on which the Cardinal's departure was fixed; he did not leave London before October 5. He crossed the Channel October 26.-Theiner, p. 588.

of

That search was made chiefly for the purpose seizing any letters of Wolsey's; none, however, were found.1

But Wolsey, knowing nothing of that which had been contrived against him, had gone to the king, then staying in a place near St. Alban's, where, with him and his council, he discussed many things that would have to be done in the trial to be held in Rome. Stephen Gardiner was also there, one of the king's secretaries, who knowing himself to be suspected of having been the cause of the divorce, asked Wolsey openly to declare in the interests of truth, publicly before the king and the council, who they were who had been the first movers in the matter. "I will never deny," said Wolsey, "that I alone have done it; and I am so far from regretting it, that if it had not been begun, I would have it begun. now." These latter words, everybody understood, were meant for the king. Though he certainly was the first who raised the question, yet, when he saw the king's passion for Anne Boleyn, the man who loved the glory of men more than the glory of God, was sorry for the counsel he had given, when it was no longer in his power to undo it. At that time, however, the king remained silent.

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1 The officers of the customs (see Chapuys', the Spanish Ambassador's, letter, Oct. 25, 1529, Pocock, Records, ii. 69) asked the Cardinal to open his baggage for their inspection, and then, on his refusal, broke the locks themselves. When they had done their work, he told them they were silly people to suppose that he who had not been corrupted by the many presents of the king, could be bought by Cardinal Wolsey.

2 He returned to England from Rome, June 24, 1529; the king had written to the Pope, May 20, to say that he had recalled him, and that

Dr. Bennet would take his place.

Theiner, pp. 563, 585. He was secretary July 28, 1529, as he writes himself to Vannes.-Pocock, Records, i. p. 265.

3 The French ambassador, writing from London, October 21, 1528, says that the Cardinal had urged the divorce for reasons of his own, it seems, and not because the marriage of Henry and Catherine was unlawful.-Le Grand, iii. 186. miers termes du divorce ont esté mis par luy en avant, afin de mettre perpetuelle separation entre les maisons d'Angleterre et de Bourgogne."

"Les pre

But after the departure of Campeggio, when Wolsey went again to resume his attendance at court, the king refused to speak to him. He then saw that the king was unfriendly. Not long after that, he was arrested, at the king's command, by Thomas duke of Norfolk, and compelled to resign, first the chancellorship,' which was given without delay to the illustrious Sir Thomas More, and next the see of Winchester, which Stephen Gardiner accepted at the king's hands. He had built himself a magnificent palace, York House,2 and this too the king seized with all its furniture.3 Lastly, he was stripped of almost all his goods, and

1 Wolsey, says Cavendish, "when the Term began, went to the hall in suchlike sort and gesture as he was wont most commonly to do, and satin the Chancery, being chancellor. After which day he never sat there more.' The dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk demanded of him the great seal, which he at first refused to surrender, but in the end he gave it up. 2 York House was hardly furnished when the Cardinal was deprived of it. In a letter of Fox to Gardiner, May 12, 1528 (Pocock, Records, i. 145), we read thus: "The hall of York Place, with other edifices here, being now in building, my lord's grace, intending most sumptuously and gorgeously to repair and furnish the same." "The king" (Pocock, Records, ii. 68) "went to see his new wealth with Anne Boleyn and her mother secretly from Greenwich, and found the treasure surpassed his expectations."

The Prevarication of the Church's Liberties, chap. iii. s. 2, Eyston MS. "For immediately after queen Catherine's appeal in the twenty-first year of his reign, he fell first upon York House, the ancient London seat of the archbishops of York, by the attainder of the Cardinal Wolsey in a præmunire-who for his own private ends was the first author

of scrupling the king's conscience about his marriage with queen Catherine-and compelled the Cardinal before a judge of record to acknowledge the same-being then by him most sumptuously built and furnished-to be the king's right, and called it Whitehall. Then in the twenty-second year he took the hospital of St. James into his hands, together with all the meadows and pastures thereunto belonging, as com modious for his house of Whitehall, made a park thereof, built a fair palace thereon, and enclosed all within a brick wall."

4 Cardinal Wolsey, Oct. 22, 1529, confessed himself guilty of the charges laid against him by the king touching the statutes of provisors and præmunire, and that "he deserved perpetual imprisonment at the king's will, and to forfeit to the king for ever all his lands, tenements, offices, fees, pensions, annuities, goods, and chattels which he has or may have; in consideration of which offences he grants to the king all his said possessions, with all the revenues arising from his archbishopric of York, bishopric of Winchester, abbey of St. Alban's, and his other spiritual benefices and promotions."-Chronol. Cat. of materials for the new edition of the Fœdera, p. 168.

banished at first to Esher,' then sent to his diocese of York.2

WHO would not imagine that the king would have wished now to abandon his evil purpose? But be astonished, O heavens, upon this!1 The very sin for which he punishes Wolsey so severely is the very sin in which the king obstinately persists. Therefore, O king, art thou inexcusable; for wherein thou judgest another thou condemnest thyself, for we know that the judgment of God is according to truth against those who do such. things.2

Now the king, on the one hand, sends certain men— one of them being Thomas Cranmer, afterwards arch

1 Jerem. ii. 12. 2 Rom. ii. 1, 2.

3 Cranmer, a native of Northamptonshire, was educated at Cambridge, and became a fellow of Jesus College. He forfeited his fellowship because, according to Strype, "he married a gentleman's daughter; but according to Harpsfield, who had better means of knowing the facts, she was 66 a wanton maid at the sign of the Dolphin, that was wont to set young scholars their breakfast.... It chanced not long after that she died, and then became he a priest, and afterwards chaplain to Thomas earl of Wiltshire, father to the lady Anne Bulleyne, at the time that the king went about to make a divorce with queen Ka

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therine, of the which matter the earl had oft talk with the said Cranmer, who was very forward to help forth the said divorce."

In the answers to the interrogatories ministered to him at Oxford, in the reign of Mary, we have these facts confessed by him, according to Foxe, viii. 58: "That he, the aforesaid Thomas Cranmer, being free, and before he entered into holy orders, married one Joan Black or Brown, dwelling at the sign of the Dolphin, in Cambridge. Whereupon he [Cranmer] answered that whether she were called Black or Brown he knew not, but that he married there one Joan, that he granted. 2. That after the death of the aforesaid wife, he entered into