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and desert the general service for defence of the Protestant party in this Kingdom, For wiping off which aspersion and clearing the minds of all Protestant friends wheresoever, from all suspicions . . . it is hereby unanimously declared, protested and published to all men, by Colonel Robert Lundy, Governor of Derry, the said Lord Blaney, Sir Arthur Rawdon, and other officers and gentlemen, subscribing hereunto, that they and their forces and soldiers are entirely united among themselves, and fully and absolutely resolved to oppose the Irish enemy with the utmost force, and to continue the war against them to the last, for their own and all Protestants' preservation in this Kingdom. And the committee of Londonderry do hereby declare and publish to all men that they are heartily and sincerely united with the said Colonel Robert Lundy et al, and all others that join in this common cause, and with all their force and power will labor to carry on the said war. And if it should happen

that our party should be so oppressed by the Irish enemy, that they should be forced to retire into this city for shelter against them (which God forbid) the said Lord Blaney, Sir Arthur Rawdon, and their forces, and all other Protestant friends, shall be readily received into this city, and as much as in us lies, be cherished and supported by us.-Dated at Londonderry the 21st of March, 1688–89. [Signed] Robert Lundy, Blaney, William Stewart, Arthur Rawdon, George Maxwell, James Curry, John Forward, Hugh MacGill, William Ponsonby, H. Baker, Chris. Fortescue, James Brabazon, John Hill, Samuel Norman, Alexander Tomkins, Mathew Cocken, Horas Kennedy (Sheriff), Edward Brook (Sheriff), Alexander Lecky, Francis Nevill, James Lennox, Fredrick Cowsingham, John Leslie, Henry Long, William Crookshanks, Massareene, Clot. Skeffington, Arthur Upton, Samuel Morrison, Thomas Cole, Francis Forster, Edward Cary, John Cowan, Kilner, Brasier, James Hamilton, John Sinclare."

The officers who signed the agreement to stand by their posts April 10, 1689, were: Paulet Phillips, Hugh Magill, Richard Crofton, John Hill, George Hamilton, Arthur Upton, Robert Lundy, [Henry] Blaney, Arthur Ralston, William Shaw, Richard Whaley, James Hamilton, Nicholas Atchison, Hugh Montgomery, Thomas Whitney, William Ponsonby, Richard Johnson, John Forward, George Squire, J. Blainey, John Tubman, Daniel McNeill. Among other officers who took part in the defence of Londonderry were, William Stuart, Francis Hamilton, Francis White, John Hamilton, John Barry, Walter Dawson.

"The Address of the defenders of Londonderry is printed in Walker's history of the siege. The caption and signers of the Address are as follows :

To the most Excellent Majesty of William and Mary, King and Queen of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc. : The humble Address of the Governors, Officers, Clergy, and other Gentlemen in the City and Garrison of Londonderry, etc.

Oliver Apton, Adam Ardock, Thomas Ash, William Babbington, Andrew Bailly, John Bailly, Robert Bayley, Thomas Baker, James Barrington, Robert Bennet, Bartholomew Black, James Blair, Francis Boyd, Robert Boyd, Thomas Brunett, John Buchanan, John Campbell, William Campbell, Henry Campsie, James Carr, George Church, William Church, Michael Clanaghan, Matthew Clarke, Dalway Clements, John Clements, John Cochran, Matthew Cocken, Thomas Conlay, Richard Cormack, George Crofton, John Crofton, Richard, Crofton, John Cross, William Cross, David Mons Cuistion, James Cunningham, John Cunningham, Michael Cunningham, Edward Curling, Henry Cust, Edward Davyes, Robert Dennison, John Dobbin, William Dobbin, Adam Downing, Philip Dunbarr, Richard Fane, Daniel Fisher, James Fleming, Richard Fleming, John Fuller, Ralph Fullerton, James Galtworth, George Garnet, James Gledstanes, Stephen Godfrey, Warren Godfrey, Joseph Gordon, James Graham, Andrew Grigson, William Grove, Thomas Gughtredge, James Hairs, Albert Hall, John Halshton, Hugh Hamill, Andrew Hamilton, Arthur Hamilton, John Hamilton (2), William Hamilton, Hannston, John Hering, Abraham

Hilhouse, James Huston, John Humes, Richard Islen, Christopher Jenney, Joseph Johnston, Thomas Johnston, Thomas Key, Charles Kinaston, Robert King, Alexander Knox, Frederick Kye, Henry Lane, Thomas Lane (2), Robert Lindsie, John Logan, James Mc Carmick, James McCartney, John McClelland, Matthew McClellany, Archibald McCulloch John Maghlin, Robert Maghlin, James Manson, Theophilus Manson, William Manson, John Michelborn, Henry Monry, William Montgomery, James Moore, Robert Morgan, Patt Moore, Adam Morrow, Bernard Mulhollan, David Mulhollan, John Mucholland, Thomas Newcomen, Arthur Noble, Francis Obre, Thomas Odayre, Henry Pearce, Dudley Phillips, Alexander Rankin, Alexander Ratcliff, Edmund Rice, Richard Robinson, Robert Rogers, Michael Rullack, Alexander Sanderson, Archibald Sanderson, Robert Skinner, Thomas Smyth, Gervase Squire, Alexander Steward, Marmaduke Stewart, William Stewart, James Stiles, William Thompson, James Tracy, George Walker (2), Robert Walker, Robert Wallace, George White, Nicholas White, Thomas White, Benjamin Wilkins, Frac. Wilson, James Young, Henry —verett.

The foregoing list is also printed in Thomas Witherow's Derry and Enniskillen, as well as the following names of signers to a similar "Humble Address of the Governors, Officers, Clergy, and other Inhabitants of your Majesties' Town of Enniskillen," which was also forwarded to William and Mary from that city in 1689.

Alexander Acheson, Francis Aldrich, Daniel Armstrong, John Armstrong, Martin Armstrong, Thomas Armstrong, John Ballard, Claudius Bealy, Ambrose Bedel, William Birney, Hugh Blair, William Blashford, James Browning, John Browning, William Browning, Marcus Buchanan, Theodore Bury, James Campbell, William Campbell, Christopher Carleton, George Cashell, Allan Cathcart, Hugh Cathcart, James Cathcart, Malcome Cathcart, William Charleton, Robert Clark, Isaac Collyer, George Cooper, George Corry, Hugh Corry, James Corry, John Corry, Arnold Cosbye, Edward Cosbye, Laurence Crow, John Crozier, Edward Davenport, Thomas Davenport, John Dean, Paul Dean (Provost), James Delap, James Devitt, Edward Dixy, Cor. Donellan, George Drury, Robert Drury, Au. Ellis, Edward Ellis, Francis Ellis, Hercules Ellis, James Ewart, Francis Folliott, Samuel Forth, Daniel French, John Frisell, William Frith, All. Fulton, John Fulton, Hugh Galbraith, John Galbraith, Bar. Gibson, Francis Graham, James Graham, William Gore, Edward Gubbin, John Hale, Andrew Hamilton, Gustavus Hamilton (Governor), George Hammersley, George Hart, Morgan Hart, Thomas Hart, Jason Hazard, Daniel Hodson, Povey Hookes, Henry Howel, H. Hughes, Thomas Hughes, William Jivine, Henry Johnston, James Johnston (2), Robert Johnston (2), Thomas Johnston, William Johnston, Charles King, F. King, James King, John King, William Kittle, Thomas Leturvel, Matthew Lindsay, Thomas Lloyd, John Lowder, James Lucy, Robert McConnell, William McCormick, Charles McFayden, James Matthews (2), James Mitchell, Andrew Montgomery, Hugh Montgomery, Robert Moor, Toby Mulloy, John Neper, Richard Newstead, Thomas Osborn, William Parsons, John Price, John Rider, John Roberts, James Robison, Robert Robison, Thomas Roscrow, William Ross, George Russell, Ninian Scot, Thomas Scot, John Sheriffe, Thomas Shore, Ichabod Skelson, William Slack, Henry Smith, W. Smith, Aylet Sommes, Robert Starling, Robert Stevenson, Richard Taylor, Robert Vaughan, Robert Ward, George Watson, Matthew Webster, Robert Wear, Thomas White, Roger Wilton, William Wiseheart, Edward Wood, John Woodward, Matthew Young (2), Thomas Young.

CHAPTER XXXIX

THE EMIGRATION FROM ULSTER TO AMERICA

E now come to two groups of measures which were to mould the his

WE tory of Ireland during the eighteenth century, and the baneful

effects of which are still felt in that country the repression of her woollen manufactures, and the penal laws in matters of religion.

The end of the seventeenth century probably saw the last of the emigration of Scots into Ulster; while for the years that were to follow, the Scots were to leave Ulster in thousands for America. For some time after the Revolution a steady stream of Scotch Presbyterians had poured into the country, attracted by the cheapness of the farms and by the new openings for trade. In 1715, Archbishop Synge estimated that fifty thousand Scotch families had settled in Ulster since the Revolution.

The commerce of Ireland, after two devastating civil wars, cannot have been extensive, or of a magnitude which ought to have excited the envy or fear of England; but in the end of the seventeenth century the state of England was not a prosperous one, and her woollen manufacturers imagined that competition from Ireland was injuring them. The consequence was that in 1698, Parliament petitioned William III. to have laws enacted for the protection of the English woollen manufacture by the suppression of the Irish; and accordingly, the next year the Government passed an Act through the Irish Parliament, which was utterly subservient, forbidding any exportation of Irish woollens from the country. It was afterwards followed by Acts forbidding the Irish to export their wool to any country save England-the English manufacturers desiring to get the wool of the sister kingdom at their own price.

extent.

The penal laws against Roman Catholics and Presbyterians are the special glory of Queen Anne's time; hers was essentially a High Church régime, and in the Irish Parliament the High Church party ruled supreme. The Acts against Roman Catholics denied them the exercise of their worship, and laid the great body of the people of Ireland under pains and penalties so cruel and degrading that the laws could not in reality be put in force to their full Those against Presbyterians were not so severe, but were sufficiently galling, and strangely unreasonable, as being applied against the very men who had been the stoutest bulwark of Protestantism not twenty years before. The blow against the Protestant dissenters was delivered through a Test Act, which compelled all serving in any capacity under the Government, all practising before the law courts, all acting in any town council, to take the communion of the Established Church. The Act at once emptied the town councils of the Ulster towns; it deprived of their commissions many who

were serving as magistrates in the counties. It drove out of the Corporation of Londonderry several of the very men who had fought through the siege of 1689. A strange commentary on the Test Act was given in 1715, when Scotland was in ferment owing to the Jacobite Rebellion, and trouble was feared in Ireland. The services of the Presbyterians were accepted for the militia, and then the Government passed an Act of Indemnity to free them from the penalties they had incurred by serving their country and breaking the Test Act.

The Irish Presbyterian Church had, in 1688, five presbyteries, above eighty ministers, eleven probationers, and about one hundred congregations. In the northern counties, Bishop Leslie calculated that Presbyterians were then fifty to one of the Episcopalians. After Schomberg's arrival, in 1689, presbyteries began to meet as usual, but as many ministers were still in Scotland, there was difficulty in procuring supplies for the vacant charges. Several houses of worship had been destroyed, and the people greatly suffered from the ravages of war.

The English Parliament, which met towards the end of 1691, enacted that no person could sit in the Irish Parliament, or hold any Irish office, civil, military, or ecclesiastical, or practise law or medicine in Ireland, until he had taken the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, and had subscribed the declaration against Transubstantiation. This Act-contrary to the Treaty of Limerick was only one of the many persecuting laws by which Irish Roman Catholics were afterwards oppressed, but Presbyterians were not yet asked to make any declaration to which they could object. They were, therefore, eligible for public offices in Ireland, although a minister was liable to three months' imprisonment in the common jail for delivering a sermon, and to a fine of a hundred pounds for celebrating the Lord's Supper. In England, an Act of Toleration protected them in their worship, while by the Test Act they were excluded from office.

Although William often tried to persuade the Irish Parliament to pass an Act permitting dissenters to worship God according to the dictates of their conscience, his influence failed to overcome the power of bishops who controlled the House of Lords. These efforts were always met by attempts to impose a Test Act, rendering it necessary for all who held places of power or profit under the Government to partake of the Lord's Supper in the Episcopal Church. The bishops induced the Lords' committee on religion, of the Irish Parliament which met in 1692, to pass a resolution declaring that there should be no toleration of dissenters unless all public officials were compelled to communicate three times a year in their parish churches, and that severe penalties ought to be inflicted on any dissenting minister who ventured to preach against the Episcopal Church.

Several circumstances prevented Presbyterians from obtaining Parliamentary influence sufficient to save them from persecution. The aristocracy, at the Restoration, went over to prelacy, which they had sworn to

extirpate. By that aristocracy, both Houses of the Irish Parliament were completely controlled. The House of Lords belonged to them altogether, and they returned most of those supposed to represent the people in the Commons. The county members were elected by the freeholders; and freeholders were manufactured by the landlords to suit their own purposes.

There were then no large cities by which the power of the Episcopal oligarchy might be restrained. Dublin, with a population of thirty thousand, was by far the largest place in the kingdom. There was not a single town in Ulster with a population of five thousand. Yet villages like Augher, Charlemont, and St. Johnston each returned two members. In these places the landlords were as supreme as in their own castles. A burgess, on his election, had often to swear that he would obey all the proprietor's commands and boroughs could be bought or sold like any other commodity. Even in the large towns the people had no right to elect their representatives. The mayor, or" sovereign," and burgesses returned the members; but when a burgess died or resigned, his successor was elected by the other burgesses. And thus there was no real representation of the people in Ireland.

Besides all this, Presbyterians were confined to the Province of Ulster, while Episcopalians were scattered over the country. The fact that Presbyterians constituted almost the entire population in parts of the North, was of no avail in the South, where they were a small minority of the Protestants. Accordingly, Presbyterians having no political power, had to submit to political persecution. But they had also to endure a social persecution. The feudal system which transferred the ownership of the soil from the tribe to the landlord was one of the many evils introduced by the power of England. The Presbyterian farmer was a serf who had to submit to the will of his landlord, and in elections, when he had a vote, was obliged to support the enemies of his country, his class, and his creed.

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In 1695 a new Parliament was summoned. Soon after it met, the earl of Drogheda brought before the House of Lords a bill for "ease to dissenters." But of forty-three Peers who were present, twenty-one were bishops, and a resolution postponing the consideration of the bill was carried without difficulty. The same measure of relief was proposed in the Commons, but was so strongly opposed that the Government was unable to carry it through. Lord Capel, the firm friend of toleration, died in 1696, and during several years Ireland was governed by Lords Justices. For a considerable period the leading spirit among these was Henri de Ruvigny, Earl of Galway, a French Protestant, who sympathized with Presbyterians in their struggles for freedom.

The Government, conscious of its weakness, made no attempt to pass a Toleration Bill in the Parliament of 1697, but succeeded in obtaining an Act by which legal protection was continued and extended to foreign Protestants, and provision made for carrying out a promise of the king to give salaries to their ministers.

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