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In practical science, whether the credit for the invention of the telegraph be given to Charles Morrison, to Joseph Henry, or to Samuel Finley Morse, each of whom contributed towards it, the honor still belongs to the Scotch. Edison's mother was Mary Elliott, of Scottish blood; and John Ericsson had in his veins a strain of the same virile current. Likewise, William Henry, James Rumsey, and Robert Fulton, who each had a share in the invention of the steamboat, were all three Scotch; as well as Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray, the inventors of the telephone, and the McCormicks, who did so much for the improvement of harvesting machinery. Drs. D. Hayes Agnew and Frank Hamilton the eminent surgeons, Alexander Wilson the ornithologist, and Asa Gray the botanist, all of Scottish descent, are also ranked among the greatest in their respective professions.

In no departments of American civil life, however, is the Scottish influence more marked and dominating than in those of the judiciary and the press. The interpretation of law in America has been chiefly the work of non-English judges; and perhaps it is not too much to say that the distinctive character of American jurisprudence is due to the preponderating influence of men of Celtic blood at the bench and bar.

Of the fifty judges of the United States Supreme Court from 1789 to 1882, we find not more than twenty-two of probable English blood; Jay and Duval, of French; Marshall, of Welsh and Scotch; Rutledge, Wilson, Blair, two Johnsons, Paterson, Moore, Livingston, Todd, Thompson, Trimble, McLean, Barbour, McKinley, Daniel, Nelson, Grier, Campbell, Miller, Davis, Harlan, of Scottish; and Wayne, Catron, and Chase of mixed descent.

The first newspaper printed in America-the Boston News-Letter—was the enterprise of a Scotchman bearing the characteristic name of John Campbell. In recent times, among editors of the first rank, we find as representatives of the Scottish race: James Gordon Bennett, Horace Greeley, Henry W. Grady, Murat Halstead, Samuel Medary, Joseph Medill, James. W. Scott, Alexander K. McClure, John A. Cockerill, Whitelaw Reid, Washington and John R. McLean, Joseph B. McCullagh, Richard Smith, John Russell Young, Henry Watterson, "Richelieu" Robinson, Beriah Wilkins, Robert W. Patterson.

Among America's prominent business men of Scottish descent may be named A. T. Stewart, Robert Stuart, Peter Cooper, John I. Blair, John Crerar, James Lenox, Andrew Carnegie, John Davison Rockefeller.

Daniel Webster, the most brilliant statesman New England has given to the country, was likewise not of English origin in the paternal line, but came from the New Hampshire Scotch.

In view of these facts can it not with propriety be contended that the Scottish race, in proportion to its relative strength in the New World, has contributed to America a vastly greater number of her leaders in thought and action than has any other?

NOTES TO CHAPTER III.

Majors

A list of the officers of the Illinois Regiment and of the Crockett Regiment : Brig.-General —George Rogers Clark. Lieut.-Col. John Montgomery. Thomas Quirk, George Slaughter. Captains-John Bailey, Richard Brashear, Abraham Chaplin, Benjamin Fields, Robert George, John Gerault, Richard Harrison, Abraham Kellar, Richard McCarty, John Rogers, Benjamin Roberts, Mark Thomas, Isaac Taylor, Robert Todd, John Williams. Lieutenants — Richard Clark, William Clark, James Merriweather, James Montgomery, James Robertson, William Roberts, Joseph Saunders, Jarret Williams. Ensigns-William Asher, Laurence Slaughter. Cornet-John Thurston.

Crockett's Regiment: Lieut.-Col. — Joseph Crockett. Major-George Walls. Surgeon - Charles Greer. Captains-John Chapman (killed), William Cherry, John Kerney, Benjamin Kinley (died), Peter Moore, Abraham Lipton, Thomas Young. EnsignsHenry Daring, Samuel Ball Greene, Hugh McGavock.

For George Rogers Clark's descent, see p. 30, note II.

The names of the following Scotch-Irishmen and others are taken from a list of the "Noncommissioned Officers and Soldiers of the Illinois Regiment and the Western Army under the Command of General George Rogers Clark.” The full list appears in the Vir. ginia Historical Magazine, vol. i., pp. 131-141 :

John Allen, Sr., John Allen, Jr., John Anderson, Samuel Allen (Sergeant), David Allen, Isaac Allen, Francis Adams, Wm. Bell, John Blair, David Bailey, Richard Breeden, James Brown (S.), Wm. Berry, James Bentley, John Bentley, Lon Brown, James Baxter (Corporal), J. B. Biron (S.), Colin Brown, Wm. Barry, Thos. Benton or Bernton, John Breeden (S.), Samuel Bird, Wm. Bowen (C.), John Barber, Robert Burnett (died), James Bryant, George Burk, John Burris, John Boyles, Ebenezer Bowing, Asher Brown, Adam Bingoman, Samuel Blackford, Simon Burney, Lewis Brown, Collin Brown, Daniel Bolton, John Clark, Andrew Clark, Richard Chapman, Edward Chapman, Wm. Chapman, Patrick Cornelia, Wm. Crassley, John Cowan, Andrew Cannon, James Curry, Patrick Conroy, Joseph Cooper, Ramsey Cooper, Thomas Connolly, John Conn, George Campbell (S.), John Campbell, John Cowdry, Andrew Cowan, Daniel Calvin, James Corder, Rice Curtis, Ellick Chamber, Edward Cockran, George Cockran, Dennis Coheron, James Cameron (C.), Daniel Cowgill, James Cox, Andrew Cocles, James Dawson, James Dawson, John Doyle, Benj. Duncan, Archibald Duncan, Charles Duncan, David Duncan, Nimrod Duncan, Joseph Duncan, Samuel Duncan, John Duff, Joseph Donon, Abraham Frazier (S.), Henry Foster, John Grimes, John Gordon, John George, John Garret, Samuel Gibbons, David Glenn, James Graham, Samuel Humphries, Thomas Hays, Barney Higgons, Miles Hart, James Hays, Wm. Hall, Wm. Huin, Andrew Hendrix, John Johnston, Edward Johnston, Samuel Johnston, Thos. Jamison (S.), David Kennedy, James Kincaid, James Kirkley, Thomas Kirk, Wm. Kerr, Robert Kidd, George Key, Thomas Key, John Lasley, Peter Laughlin, John Levinston, Richard Lovell, Benjamin Lewis, Jacob Lyon, John Lyons, Wm. Long, Pleasant Lockhert, Archibald Lockhart, Hugh Logan, James Lewis, Edward Murray, John Montgomery, Francis McDermot, John Moore (S.), John McMickle, Abraham Miller (C.), John Montgomery, Wm. Montgomery, Chas. McLockland, Edward Matthews (S.), John McGuire, James McIntosh, Patrick Marr (C. and S.), John McMichaels, James McMullen, Patrick McClure, Wm. Merriweather, John Miller, Charles Martin, David McDonald, John Murphy, Thomas Murray, Thomas McClain, Wm. Munrony (S.), Sylvestor Munrony, Thomas McQuiddy, Thomas McDaniel, James McDonald, Elijah Martin, James McKin, Solomon Martin, John McKinney, John Moore, Thomas Moore, Thomas McDonald, Wm. Marshall, John McGann, Enock Nelson, Moses Nelson, John Nelson, John Neal, Ebenezer Ozburn, John Patterson, James Potter, Edward Parker, Wm. Patterson, David Pagan, Ebenezer Potter, Samuel Pickens, John Ross, Andrew Ryan, Lazarus Ryan, James Ramsay, John Robertson (S.), James Ross (S.), John Rice (S.), David Rogers (S.), Joseph Rogers,

Larkin Rutherford, Richard Robinson, Joseph Ross (C.), Benjamin Russell, Robert Randal, Patrick Riley, David Smith, Randal Smith, Joseph Smith, John Spencer, Wm. Shannon, John Stephenson (S.), Samuel Stephenson, James Thompson, James Taylor, Edward Taylor, Wm. Thompson, Daniel Tygard, Thomas Taylor, Robert Whitehead, Wm. Whitehead, Randal White, Robert White, David Wallace, Wm. Wilkerson, John Wilson, Thomas Wray.

244 Going out from Put-in-Bay the tenth of September, 1813, with his whole squadron, Perry met the British fleet in a memorable naval contest. Himself a young man of twenty-eight years of age, he was opposed to one of Nelson's veterans. Himself a ScotchIrishman, his opponent, Captain Robert H. Barclay, was a Scotchman. The engagement was hot, but at three o'clock in the afternoon the gallant Perry saw the British flag hauled down. For the first time since she had created a navy, Great Britain lost an entire squadron. "We have met the enemy and they are ours," is the familiar line in which Perry announced his victory, in a despatch to General William Henry Harrison. Commodore Perry's mother was Sarah Wallace Alexander, a Scotch woman from the north of Ireland. She became the mother of five sons, all of whom were officers in the United States Navy. Two daughters married Captain George W. Rogers and Dr. William Butler of the United States Navy. Dr. Butler was the father of Senator Matthew Galbraith Butler, of South Carolina. After the victory at Lake Erie, some farmers in Rhode Island declared, such was the estimation in which they held this woman, that it was Mrs. Perry's victory.' "—S. S. Green, The Scotch-Irish in America.

3 Theodore Roosevelt's father, bearing the same name, was of Dutch descent; his mother, a native of Georgia, of Scottish. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., married Martha Bulloch on December 22, 1853. Martha Bulloch's parents were Major James Stephens Bulloch and Martha Stewart, the latter a daughter of Daniel Stewart (an officer of the Revolution) and Susan Oswald. James Stephens Bulloch was a son of James and Ann Irvine Bulloch, the latter a daughter of Dr. John and Ann Elizabeth Baillie Irvine. James Bulloch (b. 1765; d. Feb. 9, 1806) was a son of Archibald and Mary De Veaux Bulloch, the latter a daughter of James De Veaux, of French Huguenot descent, and senior judge of the King's Court in the province of Georgia. Archibald Bulloch was president and commander-in-chief of the colony of Georgia, 1776–1777; delegate to the Continental Congress of 1775, and elected to the one of 1776; signed the first constitution of the State of Georgia as president; and died in 1777. He was a son of James and Jean Stobo Bulloch, the latter a daughter of Rev. Archibald Stobo, who sailed from Scotland with the Darien colonists in 1698, and subsequently (in 1700) settled at Charleston, S. C. James Bulloch, Sr., b. about 1701, in Scotland, came from Glasgow to Charleston about 1728, where, in 1729, he married Jean Stobo. The Bullochs appear to belong to Baldernock, in Stirlingshire, where the name appears on the records for some four hundred years back. See A History and Genealogy of the Families of Bellinger and De Veaux, etc., by Joseph Gaston Bulloch, Savannah, 1895.

John C. Calhoun was the grandson of James Calhoun, who is said to have emigrated from Donegal, Ireland, in 1733 (John C. Calhoun, by Dr. H. von Holst, p. 8). John C. Calhoun was the son of Patrick Calhoun, whom James Parton, in his Famous Americans of Recent Times, speaks of (pp. 117, 118) as a Scotch-Irishman, who, with Andrew Jackson and Andrew Johnson, other Scotch-Irishmen, illustrates well the "North of Ireland" character. Patrick Calhoun was a Presbyterian like his father (J. Randolph Tucker, in article "John Caldwell Calhoun," in Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography). In 1770, Patrick Calhoun married (von Holst, p. 8) Martha Caldwell, who, says John S. Jenkins in his Life of John Caldwell Calhoun (p. 21), was a daughter of a Scotch-Irish Presbyterian, who, according to Tucker, was an emigrant from Ireland.

"Henry Clay has been classed with the Scotch-Irish by Mr. Elbert Hubbard.

6 Lodge, Daniel Webster, p. 5; Curtis, Life of Daniel Webster, vol. i., p. 2.

CHAPTER IV

NEW ENGLAND NOT THE BIRTHPLACE OF AMERICAN

LIBERTY

A

NOTHER instance of the effect of continuous advertising by New England's historians of the superlative and exclusive patriotism of her sons may be noted in the claims so frequently made, that the American people were first prepared for the idea of resistance to the arbitrary measures of Great Britain, and for independence, by a few of the citizens of Massachusetts. These claims seem first to have been given prominence by the discussion that arose among some of the surviving leaders of the Revolutionary period, in 1817 and 1818, upon the appearance of William Wirt's Life of Patrick Henry. On page 41 of that book,' the biographer cites Thomas Jefferson as saying that "Mr. Henry certainly gave the first impulse to the ball of the Revolution."

2

This statement by Mr. Wirt led to several appeals being made to Mr. Jefferson by correspondents from New England for its verification; and in answering such communications, its distinguished author uniformly disclaimed any thought of the general application of his remark to the country at large, and very properly limited its range to the development of the Revolutionary movement within his own State.

The spirit of sectional pride had been aroused, however, and an extensive epistolary discussion followed, in which some of the foremost citizens of the Republic took part. New England's chief advocate was John Adams, doubtless the original "Honest John" of American politics. With his natural garrulousness, he had written at great length the history of the origin of independence in Massachusetts, going into minute detail to show how it all developed from the Boston speech made by James Otis in 1761. While Mr. Adams's report of and commentary upon this famous argument, written so many years after it occurred, reminds the reader somewhat of the eloquent and lengthy speeches which the Roman and medieval historians put into the mouths of warrior heroes about to engage in some great battle, there can be no doubt as to the general correctness of his statements regarding the effect of Otis's words in crystallizing public sentiment in Massachusetts and turning it definitely against the encroaching tendencies of Great Britain's commercial policy. It goes without saying, that the beginning of resistance on the part of John Adams dates from that time. His description of the incident, given in a letter to William Tudor, written March 29, 1817, begins as follows':

The scene is the Council Chamber in the old Town House in Boston. The date is in the month of February, 1761.

In this chamber, round a grate fire, were seated five Judges with Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson at their head as Chief Justice, all arrayed in their new fresh, rich robes of scarlet English broadcloth; in their large cambric bands, and immense judicial wigs. In this chamber were seated at a long table all the barristers-at-law of Boston, and of the neighboring county of Middlesex, in gowns, bands, and tie wigs. . . . In this chamber you have now the stage and the scenery; next follows a narrative of the subject.

When the British ministry received from General Amherst his despatches announcing the conquest of Montreal, and the consequent annihilation of the French government in America, in 1759, they immediately conceived the design and took the resolution of conquering the English colonies, and subjecting them to the unlimited authority of Parliament. With this view and intention they sent orders and instructions to the collector of customs in Boston, Mr. Charles Paxton, to apply to the civil authority for writs of assistance, to enable the custom-house officers, tide-waiters, land-waiters, and all, to command all sheriffs and constables to attend and aid them in breaking open houses, stores, shops, cellars, ships, bales, trunks, chests, casks, packages of all sorts, to search for goods, wares, and merchandises, which had been imported against the prohibition or without paying taxes imposed by certain acts of Parliament, called the acts of trade.

Now for the actors and performers. Mr. Gridley argued with his characteristic learning, ingenuity, and dignity. . . . Mr. Thacher followed him on the other side, and argued with the softness of manners, the ingenuity and cool reasoning, which were remarkable in his amiable character.

But Otis was a flame of fire !-with a promptitude of classical allusions, a depth of research, a rapid summary of historical dates and events, a profusion of legal authorities, a prophetic glance of his eye into futurity, and a torrent of impetuous eloquence, he hurried away everything before him. American Independence was then and there born; the seeds of patriots and heroes were then and there sown, to defend the vigorous youth, the non sine Diis animosus infans. Every man of a crowded audience appeared to me to go away, as I did, ready to take arms against Writs of Assistance. Then and there was the first scene of opposition to the arbitrary claims of Great Britain. Then and there the child Independence was born. In fifteen years, namely, in 1776, he grew up to manhood, and declared himself free."

After reading Mr. Wirt's Life of Patrick Henry, and comparing the date of his famous speech before the Virginia Assembly with that of James Otis's argument against the Writs of Assistance, Mr. Adams valiantly took up his pen in defence of the honor of his native State, and at once indited a notice of infringement to the panegyrist of the Virginia orator in this fashion':

I envy none of the well-merited glories of Virginia, or any of her sages or heroes. But, Sir, I am jealous, very jealous, of the honor of Massachusetts.

The resistance to the British system for subjugating the colonies began in 1760, and in the month of February, 1761, James Otis electrified the town of Boston, the province of Massachusetts Bay, and the whole continent more than Patrick Henry ever did in the whole course of his life. If we must have panegyric and hyperbole, I must say that if Mr. Henry was Demosthenes and Mr. Richard Henry Lee, Cicero, James Otis was Isaiah and Ezekiel united."

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