of that town. God so ordering it, however, their undertaking was brought to naught for the nonce; and after not many days had rolled by, he was, by the advice of the clergy, brought back to a good understanding with his nobles.—Fordun, Annals, iii.

17" King Malcolm the Fourth, three times, with a great army, marched into Galloway, and, at length, subjugated it to himself."

"Fergus, prince of Galloway, took the canonical habit in the church of the Holy-rood of Edinburgh; and gave to them the town which is called Dunroden."-Roger de Hoveden. This Fergus was the husband of Elizabeth, a natural daughter of Henry I.

18" One great cause of the wealth and prosperity of Scotland during these early times was the settlement of multitudes of Flemish merchants in the country, who brought with them the knowledge of trade and manufactures and the habits of application and industry which have so long characterized this people. In 1155 Henry II. banished all foreigners from his dominion, and the Flemings, of whom there were then great numbers in England, eagerly flocked into the neighboring country, which offered them a near and safe asylum. "We can trace the settlement of these industrious citizens, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, in almost every part of Scotland, in Berwick, in St. Andrews, Perth, Dumbarton, Ayr, Peebles, Lanark, Edinburgh, and in the districts of Renfrewshire, Clydesdale, and Annandale, in Fife, in Angus, in Aberdeenshire, and as far north as Inverness and Urquhart.”—Tytler, History of Scotland, vol. ii., chap. iii., § 4.

MA

CHAPTER XXI

WILLIAM THE LION

ALCOLM died December 28, 1164, and was succeeded by his brother William, known in history as William the Lion. Almost immediately after his coronation, William made a demand on King Henry for the restitution of Northumberland, which had been so indiscreetly surrendered to the English by the youthful Malcolm a few years before. William, like his predecessor, fought under the banners of Henry in his wars with France; perhaps with the hope of recovering his inheritance there by acts of feudal vassalage, as well as to perform the service due from him for Huntingdon.

His humility not availing, however, he entered into negotiations with France in 1168, with the object of forming an alliance against the English. This was the first step taken by the Scottish kings towards the formation of the famous Ancient League between Scotland and France which continued down to the time of Mary Stuart. Soon afterwards William bestowed Huntingdon upon his brother David, and in 1173 joined with King Henry's son (Henry III.) in that prince's rebellion against his father, having been promised the earldom of Northumberland for his assistance. William laid siege to Wark and Carlisle, but could not force those garrisons to capitulate. Meanwhile his army, which contained a large body of the savage Galwegians, ravaged Northumberland with excessive cruelty, spreading terror among the inhabitants and slaughtering without mercy old men, women, and children.

The following year William, while still in Northumberland, was one day riding with a small party of mounted attendants in a field near Alnwick Castle, when he came up with a body of horsemen whom at first he mistook for Scots; but who proved to be a company of Yorkshire barons. They had ridden to the North, intending to render such assistance as they could in opposing the Scots, and now bore down upon the Scottish knights, making some of them prisoners. Among these captives they were astonished to find King William himself.' They immediately carried him off to the South and delivered him to the English king.

Henry was fully aware of the value of such a capture, and had had sufficient provocation to lead him to make the most of it. Accordingly he had the Scots' king conveyed to the strong castle of Falaise in Normandy, where he would be unable to communicate with his subjects in Scotland. Henry then proposed, as the condition for William's release, that he himself be given sovereignty over all Scotland; and that William should become Henry's vassal for that country, as he was already for his English earldoms. Although this involved an entire surrender of independence on the part of Scotland, the King of the Scots was fain to accept the terms proposed; and

a treaty to that effect was accordingly executed between the two, which was afterwards ratified by an assemblage of the Scottish nobles and clergy. William, after formally doing homage to Henry, delivered to him his brother David and twenty-one of his nobles as hostages, together with the keeping of the castles of Roxburgh, Jedburgh, Berwick, Edinburgh, and Stirling.

Immediately after the king's capture the Galwegians, on returning home, had risen in revolt and undertaken to kill or drive out all the Norman barons and other foreigners who had been settled in their country.

These foreigners during the reigns of the two preceding monarchs had come into Scotland in great numbers, many young men of the noble Norman families of the South having accompanied David north of Tweed on his return home from England to assume the crown. Others resorted to the courts of David and Malcolm at the invitation of those kings; who appear to have bestowed upon them vast grants of lands and many titular honors.' The revolting Galwegians were under the command of the two sons of Fergus, Uchtred and Gilbert, who besought Henry to receive their homage and become Lord Superior of their country. In the same year, a quarrel having arisen between these two brothers as to the division of their inheritance, Gilbert, through the instrumentality of his son, Malcolm, made a prisoner of Uchtred, and put him to a cruel death, first causing his tongue. to be cut off, and his eyes to be torn out. He then sought to make himself master of Uchtred's portion but was resisted by the latter's son, Roland. Gilbert then asked the protection of Henry, and again offered him his submission, but the English king refused to accept it.' On William's return from Falaise in 1175, he led an army into Galloway to punish Gilbert, but the latter made the King pecuniary satisfaction. The following year, having accompanied William to York, Gilbert was received into Henry's favor and did homage to that ruler.'

In 1179, William, with his brother David, marched a large army into Ross-shire, to suppress a revolt that had arisen there. The leader of the insurgents was called MacWilliam or Donald Bane, and claimed to be the grandson of Duncan, Malcolm Canmore's oldest son. The King was unable to bring the rebels to bay, so, after fortifying two castles, he returned to the South. Some seven years later MacWilliam was surprised and slain by King William's army in Moray.

In 1184, Gilbert, lord of Galloway, invaded Scotland, committing many depredations. His death took place in the following year; and on that occasion Roland, son of the murdered Uchtred, rose against Gilbert's adherents. Having slain their commander, Gilpatrick, he possessed himself of all Galloway. His action was favored by William, but opposed by their Lord Superior, King Henry. The latter, in 1186, brought an army to Carlisle, and prepared to invade Galloway for the purpose of punishing the vassal who had dared to possess himself of another's territory without first obtaining permission from and making terms with his feudal superior.

Roland fortified all the passes into Galloway, and prepared himself for a desperate resistance; but before extremities were reached, the differences were adjusted by agreement, and the armies withdrawn. Roland was permitted to retain what had formerly belonged to his father, Uchtred, and Duncan, Gilbert's son, was confirmed in the possession of Carrick, which was then a district of Galloway."

Henry, King of England, died in 1189. In the same year, his son and successor, Richard I., needing money to help him fit out a contemplated expedition to the Holy Land, arranged with William to restore the independence of Scotland for a consideration of 10,000 merks. Accordingly, this sum was paid by the Scottish people for their freedom.

In 1196 William De Moreville, constable of Scotland, having died, Roland, lord of Galloway, who had married De Moreville's sister, succeeded him. The same year a revolt occurred in Caithness, some of the Norse inhabitants having arisen under the lead of Harald, Earl of Orkney and Caithness. William suppressed the rebellion by marching an army into that district; but the attempt was repeated the following year, when the rebels appeared in arms under the command of Torfin, son of Harald. William again marched to the North, and having seized Harald held him until his son Torfin surrendered himself as a hostage. The same year (1197) William built the castle of Ayr, as a menace to the turbulent Galwegians.

In 1209, Alan, son of Roland of Galloway, married Margaret, the daughter of William's brother David, Earl of Huntingdon.

In 1211, Guthred, a member of the family of MacWilliam, invaded Rossshire from Ireland. After wasting it for a time he was finally captured and executed.

During the reign of William and of his two immediate predecessors, as has been already stated, a new element was introduced into the population of the country by reason of the large emigration of Norman noblemen, who were invited into Scotland by those kings, established at their courts, and given liberal grants of territory and titles.'

There has been considerable controversy over the question of the settlement of the Anglo-Normans in Scotland, some writers going so far as to claim that in a large measure they displaced the original inhabitants of the Lowlands. Others contend that their immigration was numerically so insignificant that it had practically no part in the composition of the Scottish nation. Or, granting that numbers of them came into Scotland in the beginning, the frequent revolts on the part of the natives against the rule of the foreigners, and the consequent expulsion of many of them, are instanced as grounds for the belief that the Normans did not become incorporated into the population.

By far the best statement of the case that has come under the observation of the writer is that contained in Mr. E. William Robertson's essay on the subject of Displacement, published in the appendix to his Scotland

under Her Early Kings.

As his treatment of the case is so admirable and his conclusions so reasonable and just, their claims to our consideration are of primary importance. Mr. Robertson writes as follows:

Different opinions are current in different ages, and there was a time when it would have been considered a heresy to trace a great Scottish name to any but a strictly Scottish source, the Norman Flahald being accordingly renamed Fleance, and assigned as an heir to Banquo, figuring as Thane of Lochaber. Since that time the tide has flowed in the opposite direction, and it has been argued as if every Scottish name of note were to be traced to a foreign settler; whilst it appears to have been the singular destiny of that part of Scotland answering to ancient Scotia, that the real ancestry of the bulk of its population should be invariably ignored. Here were the Gwyddel Ffichti, pre-eminently the Gaelic Picts, and the leading division of the Pictish people, whose descendants, devoting their ancestry to extermination, resolutely declared themselves Gaelic Scots. Time passed away, and after the Lowland Scottish dialect penetrated over all this portion of northern Scotland, its inhabitants, forgetting the language of their forefathers, called all who spoke it Erse or Irish; the mountaineers were looked upon as an Irish race, and at length the very citadel and stronghold of Alban's Gaelic kings was supposed to have been peopled by a race akin to the population of the Lothians-though totally unknown to Beda. Keating's convenient theory of a pestilence that swept away every plebeian of Milesian origin, thus leaving Ireland to the nobility alone, will now probably only provoke a smile; they were an inconvenient race for genealogists, these plebeians, and were thus summarily dealt with. But the theory is scarcely less extravagant which supposes ancient Scotia to have been filled with a population unknown to history-for when did they arrive? Untraceable in topography-for where are their vestiges? and who, if they ever really existed in this quarter, must have exhibited the unwonted spectacle of a dominant people, strong enough to hold their ground throughout the leading provinces of the kingdom, yet submitting to the rule of a king and a nobility sprung from the very race which they are supposed to have driven from the soil? Where was the strength of the ancient Gaelic kingdom of Scotland if it were not in this very quarter?

Extermination seldom, if ever, follows upon a conquest. Roving and savage tribes, deprived of their hunting grounds by the encroachments of far more highly civilized races, may gradually disappear, dying out like the aborigines upon the continent of America: but when a settled population is conquered, the proprietary either emigrate, disappear, or sink into a subordinate situation, whilst the bulk of the people remain under the invaders. in a position comparatively slightly altered. It is only, however, after a conquest of a certain character that any change of this description occurs at all; for where a settled proprietary is not thus displaced, it may become absorbed amongst another race, and all difference of origin be thus forgotten; but it will certainly not die out and perish of itself, nor will Scotland afford any instance to the contrary. No conquest of any description, that could account for a wide displacement of the native population in favor of foreign settlers is traceable at any period of authentic history when such a settlement is supposed to have taken place. The northern wars of Malcolm Canmore represent a struggle between Scotia and her southern_dependencies against Moravia-between the population of the South and East against the people of the North and West: but of the foreign bands, who are sometimes supposed