to my great Satisfaction that amidst our great confusions there are none even of the most warm and furious tempers, but what are firmly attached to his Majesty, and would cheerfully risk their lives to promote his service."

Edmund Burke, writing in 1757, says: "The number of white people in Virginia is between sixty and seventy thousand; and they are growing every day more numerous, by the migration of the Irish, who, not succeeding so well in Pennsylvania as the more frugal and industrious Germans, sell their lands in that province to the latter, and take up new ground in the remote countries in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. These are chiefly Presbyterians from the Northern part of Ireland, who in America are generally called Scotch-Irish."-European Settlements in America, vol. ii.,

P. 216.

'Although they came to this land from Ireland, where their ancestors had a century before planted themselves, yet they retained unmixed the national Scotch character. Nothing sooner offended them than to be called Irish. Their antipathy to this appellation had its origin in the hostility existing in Ireland between the Celtic race, the native Irish, and the English and Scotch colonists. Mr. Belknap quotes from a letter of Rev. James MacGregor to Governor Shute, in which he says: We are surprised to hear ourselves termed Irish people, when we so frequently ventured our all for the British crown and liberties against the Irish Papists and gave all tests of our loyalty which the government of Ireland required, and are always ready to do the same when required."-Parker's History of Londonderry, New Hampshire, p. 68.

As against the more or less willing adoption of the name "Scotch-Irish" in the middle of the last century we may contrast the following citations, gathered by Mr. Thomas Hamilton Murray, a more recent emigrant from Ireland, who argues that a man born in a stable must be a horse. Mr. Murray says:

"The colonial records repeatedly mention the 'Irish,' not the Scotch-Irish. Cotton Mather, in a sermon in 1700, says: 'At length it was proposed that a colony of Irish might be sent over to check the growth of this country.' . . . The party of immigrants remaining at Falmouth, Me., over winter, and which later settled in Londonderry, N. H., were alluded to in the records of the general court as 'poor Irish.'

"On St. Patrick's day, the Irish of Portsmouth, N. H., instituted St. Patrick's Lodge of Masons. Later we find Stark's Rangers at Fort Edward requesting an extra supply of grog so as to properly observe the anniversary of St. Patrick.

44

'Marmion's Maritime Ports of Ireland states that 'Irish families' settled Londonderry, N. H. Spencer declares that 'the manufacture of linen was considerably increased by the coming of Irish immigrants.' In 1723, says Condon. 'a colony of Irish settled in Maine.' Moore, in his sketch of Concord, N. H., pays tribute to the 'Irish settlers' in that section The same of New England. McGee speaks of the Irish settlement of Belfast,' Me. author likewise declares that Irish families also settled at Palmer and Worcester, Mass.' Cullen describes the arrival at Boston in 1717 of Capt. Robert Temple, 'with a number of Irish Protestants.' Capt. Temple was, in 1740, elected to the Charitable Irish Society. In another place Cullen alludes to 'the Irish spinners and weavers, who landed in Boston in the earlier part of the 18th century.'

"Among those who have been wrongly claimed [as Scotch-Irish] are Carroll, Sullivan, Moylan, Wayne, Barry, . and of a later period, .. Meade and

Sheridan.

.

...

"Of the Revolutionary heroes mentioned above, Charles Carroll was of old Irish stock. His cousin, John Carroll, was a Roman Catholic clergyman, a Jesuit, a patriot, a bishop, and archbishop. Daniel Carroll was another sterling patriot.

The Sullivans, James and John, were also of ancient Irish stock, the name having been O'Sullivan even in their father's time.

"Gen. Knox and his father were both members of the Charitable Irish Society, of Boston. The General also belonged to the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, Philadelphia.

"Moylan was a brother of the Roman Catholic bishop of Cork.

"Wayne was of Irish [English] descent and proud of his Irish lineage. He was an active member of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick.

"Barry was an Irish Roman Catholic."

(T. H. Murray, in Appendix to Samuel Swett Green's monograph on The ScotchIrish in America, read before the American Antiquarian Society in Boston, April 24, 1895.) The members of this organization were as follows: Isaac All, John Barclay, Thomas Barclay, William Barclay, Commodore John Barry, Thomas Batt, Colonel Ephraim Blaine, John Bleakly, William Bourke, Dr. Robert Boyd, Hugh Boyle, John Boyle, John Brown, William Brown, General Richard Butler, Andrew Caldwell, David Caldwell, James Caldwell, John Caldwell, Samuel Caldwell, William Caldwell, George Campbell, James Campbell, Samuel Carson, Daniel Clark, Dr. John Cochran, James Collins, John Connor, William Constable, D. H. Conyngham, James Crawford, George Davis, Sharp Delany, John Donnaldson, John Dunlap, William Erskine, Thomas Fitzsimmons, Tench Francis, Turbutt Francis, Benjamin Fuller, George Fullerton, Archibald Gamble, Robert Glen, Robert Gray, John Greene, General Edward Hand, William Hamilton, James Hawthorn, Charles Heatly, George Henry, Alexander Holmes, Hugh Holmes, George Hughes, Genl. William Irvine, Francis Johnston, Genl. Henry Knox, George Latimer, Thomas Lea, John Leamy, James Logan, Ulysses Lynch, Blair M'Clenachan, George Meade, James Mease, John Mease, Matthew Mease, John Mitchell, John Mitchell, Jr., Randle Mitchell, William Mitchell, Hugh Moore, Major James Moore, Patrick Moore, Col. Thomas Moore, James Moylan, Jasper Moylan, John Moylan, Genl. Stephen Moylan, John Murray, John M. Nesbitt, Alexander Nesbitt, Francis Nichols, John Nixon, Michael Morgan O'Brien, John Patton, Capt. John Patterson, Oliver Pollock, Robert Rainy, Thomas Read, Genl. Thomas Robinson, John Shee, Hugh Shiell, Charles Stewart, Walter Stewart, William Thompson, George Washington (an adopted member), Genl. Anthony Wayne, Francis West, Jr., John West, William West, William West, Jr., John White, Joseph Wilson. The Moylans, Barry, Fitzsimmons, Leamy, and Meade, all brave and active patriots, are said to have been Catholic Irish, and probably also were Bourke, Connor, Lynch, O'Brien, and Shee. The others, with very few exceptions, were Scotch-Irish. When Robert Morris organized the Bank of Pennsylvania in 1780 for the purpose of furnishing funds to keep the army in food, more than one third of its £300,000 capital was subscribed for and paid in by twenty-seven members of this Society. The society is still in existence.

5 Two notable exceptions were those of the settlement of Luzerne County (Wyoming), Penna., by 117 colonists from Connecticut in 1762-63 and by 196 in 1769; and the settlement at Marietta, Ohio, of the Massachusetts colonists in 1788. Small colonies were also planted in Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia by settlers from New England.

More than sixty years ago Dr. Charles Hodge found occasion to rebuke an indiscreet exhibition of this same spirit in connection with the early church history of the country. His remarks, at that time so pertinent to the point in question, have ever since been so generally applicable to the majority of New England attempts at American history that they cannot be said to have lost any of their force since 1839. He says (Constitutional History of the Presbyterian Church, vol. i., pp. 60, 61):

"Nothing but a sectional vanity little less than insane, could lead to the assertion that Congregationalism was the basis of Presbyterianism in this country, and that the Presbyterian Church never would have had an existence, except in name, had not the Congregationalists come among us from New England. The number of Puritans who settled in New England was about twenty-one thousand. If it be admitted that three-fourths of these were Congregationalists, (which is a large admission,) it gives between fifteen and sixteen thousand. The Presbyterian emigrants who came to this country by the middle of the last century, were between one and two hundred thousand. Those from Ireland alone, imperfect as

are the records of emigration, could not have been less than fifty thousand, and probably were far more numerous.

"It is to be remembered that the emigration of New England men westward did not take place, to any great extent, until after the Revolutionary War; that is, until nearly three-fourths of a century after the Presbyterian Church was founded and widely extended. At that time western New York, Ohio, and the still more remote west was a wilderness. Leaving that region out of view, what would be even now the influence of New England men in the Presbyterian Church? Yet it is very common to hear those who formed a mere handful of the original materials of the Church, speaking of all others as foreigners and intruders. Such representations would be offensive from their injustice, were it not for their absurdity. Suppose the few (and they were comparatively very few) Congregationalists of East Jersey had refused to associate with their Dutch and Scotch Presbyterian neighbours, what great difference would it have made? Must the thousands of Presbyterians already in the country, and the still more numerous thousands annually arriving, have ceased to exist? Are those few Congregationalists the fathers of us all? The truth is, it was not until a much later period that the great influx of Congregationalists into our Church took place, though they are now disposed to regard the descendants of its founders as holding their places in the Church of their fathers only by sufferance."

The falsity of these tables was first clearly pointed out by Mr. Justin Winsor, in an address delivered before the Historical Society of Massachusetts, in January, 1886. See Proceedings of that Society, Second Series, vol. ii., pp. 204-207.

* The backwoodsmen were engaged in a threefold contest. In the first place, they were occasionally, but not often, opposed to the hired British and German soldiers of a foreign king. Next, they were engaged in a fierce civil war with the Tories of their own number. Finally, they were pitted against the Indians, in the ceaseless border struggle of a rude, vigorous civilization to overcome an inevitably hostile savagery. The regular British armies, marching to and fro in the course of their long campaigns on the seaboard, rarely went far enough back to threaten the frontiersmen; the latter had to do chiefly with Tories led by British chiefs, and with Indians instigated by British agents.-Roosevelt, Winning of the West, vol. i., p. 276.

Dr. Thomas Smythe gives a careful statement of the activity of Presbyterian elders in the War of Independence in the province of South Carolina: "The battles of the 'Cowpens,' of 'King's Mountain,' and also the severe skirmish known as 'Huck's Defeat,' are among the most celebrated in this State as giving a turning-point to the contests of the Revolution. General Morgan, who commanded at the Cowpens, was a Presbyterian elder.... General Pickens was also a Presbyterian elder, and nearly all under their command were Presbyterians. In the battle of King's Mountain, Colonel Campbell, Colonel James Williams (who fell in action), Colonel Cleaveland, Colonel Shelby, and Colonel Sevier were all Presbyterian elders; and the body of their troops were collected from Presbyterian settlements. At Huck's Defeat, in York, Colonel Bratton and Major Dickson were both elders in the Presbyterian Church. Major Samuel Morrow, who was with Colonel Sumter in four engagements, and at King's Mountain, Blackstock, and other battles, and whose home was in the army till the termination of hostilities, was for about fifty years a ruling elder in the Presbyterian Church. It may also be mentioned in this connection that Marion, Huger, and other distinguished men of Revolutionary memory were of Huguenot . descent."-Thomas Smythe, Presbyterianism, the Revolution, the Declaration, and the Constitution, pp. 32 seq.

* Examination of Richard Penn before Parliament, November 1, 1775:

"Q. What force has the Province of Pennsylvania received? A. When I left Pennsylvania they had 20,000 men in arms, imbodied but not in pay; and 4500 men since raised. Q. What were these 20,000; militia, or what? A. They were volunteers throughout the Province. Q. What were the 4500? A. They were Minute-men, when upon service in pay."

10 Greene's army at the battle of Guilford Court-House (N. C.), March 15, 1781, consisted of 4243 foot and 201 cavalry. It was composed of Huger's brigade of Virginia Continentals, 778; Williams's Maryland brigade and a company from Delaware, 630; infantry of Lee's partisan legion, 82; total of Continentals, 1490. There were also 1060 North Carolina militia, under Brigadier-Generals Butler and Eaton; 1693 militia from Augusta and Rockbridge counties, Virginia, under Generals Stevens and Lawson; in all, 2753. Washington's light dragoons, 86; Lee's dragoons, 75; Marquis de Bretagne's horse, 40; total, 201.

11 Mr. Reuben G. Thwaites, of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, writes to the author of this paper as follows: 'According to all family traditions, John Clark, greatgrandfather of George Rogers Clark, came to Virginia, in 1630, from the southwest part of Scotland. According to one tradition, a few years later, he visited friends in Maryland, and married there a red-haired Scotch woman.' George Rogers Clark himself had 'sandy' hair; another tradition has it that the woman was a Dane. Their one son, William-John, died early, leaving two sons, John (2) and Jonathan. Jonathan was a bachelor, and left his estate to his brother's son, John (3). One of William-John's daughters married a Scotch settler, McCloud, and their daughter married John Rogers, the father of the Ann Rogers who married John Clark (4), her cousin, and thus she became the mother of George Rogers Clark. So George Rogers Clark had Scotch ancestry on both sides of the house."—Samuel Swett Green, The Scotch-Irish in America.

CHAPTER II

THE SCOTCH-IRISH AND THE CONSTITUTION

ET us now examine the composition of the Continental Congress of

L 1776, the fifty-six members of which were the signers of the Declara

tion. So far as can at this time be ascertained, that body consisted of thirty-four of English descent, as follows: John Adams (Mass.), Samuel Adams (Mass.), Josiah Bartlett (N. H.), Carter Braxton (Va.), Samuel Chase (Md.), George Clymer (Pa.), William Ellery (R. I.), Benjamin Franklin (Pa.), Elbridge Gerry (Mass.), Lyman Hall (Ga.), John Hancock (Mass.), Benjamin Harrison (Va.), Thomas Heyward, Jr. (S. C.), Joseph Hewes (N. C.), Stephen Hopkins (R. I.), Francis Hopkinson (N. J.), Samuel Huntington (Conn.), F. L. Lee (Va.), R. H. Lee (Va.), Arthur Middleton (S. C.), Robert Morris (Pa.), Lewis Morris (N. Y.), William Paca (Md.), Robert Treat Paine (Mass.), John Penn (N. C.), Cæsar Rodney (Del.), Benjamin Rush (Pa.), Roger Sherman (Conn.), Richard Stockton (?) (N. J.), Thomas Stone (Md.), George Walton (Ga.), William Whipple (N. H.), Oliver Wolcott (Conn.), George Wythe (Va.); eleven of Scottish: William Hooper (N. C.), Philip Livingston (N. Y.), Thomas McKean (Pa.), Thomas Nelson, Jr. (Va.), George Ross (Del.), Edward Rutledge (S. C.), James Smith (Pa.), George Taylor (Pa.), Matthew Thornton (N. H.), James Wilson (Pa.), John Witherspoon (N. J.); five of Welsh: William Floyd (N. Y.), Button Gwinnett (?) (Ga.), Thomas Jefferson (Va.), Francis Lewis (N. Y.), William Williams (Conn.); one of Swedish: John Morton (Pa.); two of Irish: Charles Carroll (Md.), Thomas Lynch, Jr. (S. C.). The father of George Read (Del.) was born in Ireland and his mother in Wales; Abraham Clark, of Elizabethtown, and John Hart, of Hunterdon County, both from strong Scottish settlements in New Jersey, are difficult to place.

On the whole, the Continental Congress of 1776 was a fairly representative body, being two thirds English and one third non-English; although it may be observed that the Dutch of New York, the Germans of Pennsylvania, and the Huguenots of the South are not represented by members of their own races. The first two classes, however, were generally, and to a considerable degree erroneously, regarded as unfavorable to the American cause. A similar examination of the membership of the Constitutional convention, which completed its labors at Philadelphia, September 17, 1787, shows a like mixed composition to that of the Continental Congress.

Of the fifty-four members representing the colonies in that body, we find that, besides Washington, probably twenty-nine of them were English, as follows: Abraham Baldwin (Ga.), Richard Bassett (Del.), Gunning Bedford, Jr. (Del.), William Blount (N. C.), David Brearly (N. J.), George