was able to regain his kingdom of Dalriada and afterwards defeat the Northern Picts in the epoch-making battle of Fortrenn. "It has been plausibly suggested that the right which for many centuries afterwards was undoubtedly claimed by and conceded to the men of Galloway to march in the van of Scottish armies, was conferred on them by Kenneth MacAlpin in recognition of their services at this momentous time. The new king certainly gave proof of the value set upon these services by giving his daughter in marriage to a Galloway chief called Olaf the White. "In the same year, 844, in which Kenneth was crowned King of Alban, the Gallgaidhel, or Picts of Galloway, assisted Olaf to seize the throne of Dublin. "On the death of Kenneth MacAlpin in 860, Olaf made a determined attempt on the crown of Alban. Inheritance among the Picts was invariably through the female line. Olaf's wife, being daughter to Kenneth, gave him a better claim under Pictish law than Kenneth's son Constantin. In company with Imhair, Olaf captured Dumbarton in 872, and held a great part of Alban, retreating with much booty and many captives to Galloway, whence the whole party sailed in two hundred ships to Dublin."-Maxwell, History of Dumfries and Galloway, pp. 40, 41. 31 The name of Heathored occurs as the last amongst the bishops of Whithern in Flor. Wig. App., and his predecessor, Badwulf, is alluded to by Sim. Dun. under 796. The topography of Galloway and the language once spoken by the Galwegians (who acknowledged a Kenkinny - Cen-Cinnidh — not a Pen-cenedl) distinguish them from the British race of Strathclyde-the Walenses of the early charters as opposed to the Galwalenses. Beda, however, knew of no Picts in the diocese of Candida Casa (v. Appendix K), and consequently they must have arrived at some later period, though it would be difficult to point with certainty to their original home. Some authorities bring them from Dalriada, making them Cruithne or Irish Picts; and the dedication of numerous churches in Galloway to saints popular in the northeast of Uladh seems to favor their conjecture. The name of Galloway is probably traceable to its occupation by Gall, in this case Anglian strangers.-Robertson, Scotland under her Early Kings, vol. i., p. 21. 32 A mighty devastation of Strathclyde and Galloway is recorded in 875 by Simeon of Durham, and this is corroborated in the Annals of Ulster, where reference is made to a bloody defeat of the Picts by the Dubhgall or Danes. 33 The next important personage to appear in Galloway history is Ronald the Dane, titular King of Northumbria, styled also Duke of the Galwegians, in right of the ancient superiority of the Saxon kings over the Picts. With Olaf of the Brogues (Anlaf Cuaran), grandson of Olaf the White, as his lieutenant, he drove the Saxons before him as far south as Tamworth. This was in 937, but in 944 the tide of victory rolled north again. King Eadmund drove Ronald out of Northumbria to take refuge in Galloway. Of this province he and his sons continued rulers till the close of the tenth century. But these were Dubhgalls or Danes, and they now fell to war with the Fingalls or Norse, who possessed themselves of the province. Galloway, on account of its central position between Ireland, Cumbria, and Strathclyde, and still more because of its numerous shallow bays and sandy inlets, so convenient for Viking galleys, was then in higher esteem than it has ever been since among maritime powers. "Sigurd the Stout, Earl of Orkney, grandson of Thorfinn the Skull-cleaver, was Lord of Galloway in 1008. His resident lieutenant was a native prince, Malcolm, whose name appears in the sagas as Earl Melkoff."—History of Dumfries and Galloway, p. 42. 34"In 1057 Malcolm Canmore-son of the murdered Duncan,-attacked the usurper Macbeth, defeated and slew him and became King Malcolm III., of Scotia. The great Earl Thorfinn having died in the same year, Malcolm most prudently married his widow Ingibiorg, of the Pictish race, thereby bringing under his rule the Norse districts of Scotland, including Galloway. Consolidation was now the order of the day. The Norse influence, undermined by the effects of the battle of Clontarf, was steadily on the wane. The island of Britain, soaked as it was with centuries of bloodshed, was resolving itself into the two main dominions of England and Scotland — a process which the Church, relieved from oppression by the pagan Norsemen, lent her influence to accelerate. The native rulers of Galloway showed some hesitation as to the realm into which they would seek admission. Tradition and custom tempted them to union with their old over-lords the Saxon earls of Northumbria; but the Saxon power was waning, as the Roman and the Norse had waned before. Geography as well as linguistic and racial affinity turned the scale, and the Galwegians became lieges of the Scottish king. "In this manner closed the dominion of the Norsemen over Galloway, and such parts along the Solway shore of Dumfriesshire as they had been able to hold by force. Their strength ever lay in their ships, but of their handiwork some traces probably remain in a peculiar kind of cliff tower, which may be seen at various parts of the coast, such as Castle Feather and Cardhidoun near the Isle of Whithorn, and Port Castle on the shore of Glasserton parish."-Maxwell, pp. 43, 44. 35.4 Gallwallia or Galwedia is termed in the Irish Annals Gallgaedhel, a name also applied to the people of the Isles. The name of Galwedia in its more extended sense consisted of the districts extending from Solway to the Clyde ; but in its limited sense, in which it is used here, it is co-extensive with the modern counties of Wigton and Kirkcudbright. In the Norse sagas it is termed Gaddgeddli. "Both districts of Ergadia and Gallwallia appear to have been to a great extent occupied by the Norwegians down to the period when these 'reguli' first appear. At the battle of Cluantarf in 1014, there is mention of the Galls or foreigners of Man, Sky, Lewis, Cantire, and Airergaidhel (Wars of Gaedel with the Galls, p. 153). Thorfinn, the Earl of Orkney, when he conquered the nine 'rikis' in Scotland in 1034, included in his possessions Dali or Ergadia, and Gaddgedli or Galloway, and in the same year the Irish Annals record the death of Suibhne mac Cinaeda ri Gallgaidel.' Though Thorfinn's kingdom in Scotland terminated in 1604, when it is said that many rikis which he had subjected fell off, and their inhabitants sought the protection of those native chiefs who were territorially born to rule over them' (Coll. de Reb. Alb., p. 346), the Norwegians appear to have retained a hold of Ergadia and Galwedia for nearly a century after, as we find in the Irish Annals mention made in 1154 of the fleets of Gallgaedel, Arann, Cintyre, Mann, and the Centair Alban, or seaboard of Alban, under the command of Macscelling, a Norwegian (Annals of the Four Masters, 1154). Mac Vurich likewise states that before Somerled's time, all the islands from Mannan (Man) to Arca (Orkneys), and all the bordering country from Dun Breatan (Dumbarton) to Cata (Caithness) in the north, were in the possession of the Lochlannach (Norwegians), and such as remained of the Gaedel of those lands protected themselves in the woods or mountains'; and in narrating the exploits of Somerled, he says he did not cease till he had cleared the western side of Alban from the Lochlannach.' "It seems probable, therefore, that the natives of Ergadia and Gallwallia had risen under Somerled and Fergus, and had finally expelled the Norwegians from their coasts, and that owing to the long possession of the country by the Norwegians, all trace of their parentage had disappeared from the annals of the country, and they were viewed as the founders of a new race of native lords. "The two districts appear, however, closely connected with each other in the various attempts made by the Gaedheal against the ruling authority in Scotland.”—Skene, Fordun, vol. ii., p. 431. 36 Much less equivocal are the remains of Scandinavian occupation preserved in the placenames of the south-west. Many hills still bear the title "fell"-the Norse fjall — often pleonastically prefixed to the Gaelic barr, as in Fell o' Barhullion, in Glasserton parish, or disguised as a mere suffix, as in Criffel. The well-known test-syllable by, a village, farm, or dwelling, so characteristic of Danish rather than of Norse occupation, takes the place in southern districts which bolstadr holds in northern. Lockerby, the dwelling of Locard or Lockhart, Canonbie, and Middlebie in Dumfriesshire—Busby, Sorby, and Corsbie in Wigtonshire-are instances in point. Vik, a creek or small bay, gives the name to Southwick parish and Senwick (sand vik, sandy bay); and n'es, a cape, appears in Sinniness (sunnr n'es, south point) and Borness (borh n'es, burgh or fort point); but Auchness is in another language, being the Gaelic each inis, horse-pasture. Pastoral occupation is implied in Fairgirth (faer gardr, sheep-fold); but Cogarth, the cow-pen, is more probably Saxon than Scandinavian, for though in modern Danish COW " is ko, in old Norse it was kyr. Tinwald, like Dingwall in the north, is þinga vollr, the assembly-field, and Mouswald, mosi vollr, the moss-field.-Maxwell, Dumfries and Galloway, pp. 44, 45. R CHAPTER XVIII THE ANGLES ETURNING again to the subject of Macbeth's so-called usurpation, it may be stated that, in addition to the causes already suggested as leading to his revolt, we find another reason given by some of the early chroniclers in apparent justification of his conduct in slaying Duncan and possessing himself of that ruler's kingdom. This explanation is, that Macbeth's wife, Gruoch, was the daughter of that Boete (or Boedhe) MacKenneth whose son was slain by King Malcolm Mac Kenneth about 1033, in order to prepare the way for the peaceable ascension to the throne of his own daughter's son, Duncan.' The title of Boete's heirs to the crown, according to the customary order of descent at that time, was superior to that of Malcolm's heirs. Therefore, it has been contended that, as Malcolm had wrongfully removed Boete's son by killing him, and thus made the way clear for the succession of his own grandson, it was not unnatural that the claims of the latter should be contested by the other heirs of Boete and their representatives. Besides the son whom Malcolm killed, Boete had left also a daughter, Gruoch, who married into the family of the Mormaors of Moray, carrying her claims with her. Her husband, Gilcomgain mac Maelbrigdi mac Ruaidhri, was slain in a family quarrel, but left a son by Gruoch, named Lulach, an infant, who thus represented the line of King Kenneth MacDuff. Gruoch next married Macbeth mac Finley mac Ruaidhri, (second cousin to Gilcomgain) who had succeeded to the mormaorship of Moray. By the hitherto prevalent Pictish system of alternation, Lulach was the rightful king; and as guardian and representative of his stepson, Macbeth stood for the child's claims on the Scottish crown, as against Duncan, son of Malcolm's daughter, Bethoc, by Crinan.' Macbeth reigned for about seventeen years, and the contemporary records of the period all seem to indicate that his rule was one of considerable benefit to the kingdom. In 1045 an attempt was made by Crinan, the father of Duncan, to dethrone Macbeth; but it proved abortive, resulting in the death of Crinan and, in consequence, the more secure possession of the crown by Macbeth. In 1050 the latter made a pilgrimage to Rome. In 1054, Siward, the Danish earl of Northumbria, a close connection of the family of Duncan,' led an army into Scotland against Macbeth, in the interests of Duncan's son, Malcolm, and perhaps at the instance of Edward, King of England. Although not then successful in recovering the central kingdom, Siward succeeded in confirming Malcolm as ruler of all that portion of Scotland south of the Clyde and Forth.' Siward died in 1055, however, and Malcolm was not able to push his cause further until 1057. In 265 LIBRARY OF THE or that year he formed an alliance with Tostig, who was the son of Earl God. win and successor to Siward as ruler of Northumberland. Then taking advantage of the death of Thorfinn, Macbeth's most powerful coadjutor, the allies again entered the domain of the latter and on the 15th of August, 1057, Malcolm killed Macbeth in battle at Lumphanan." Malcolm then ascended the throne. Having married Ingiborg, widow of Thorfinn, he seems soon afterwards to have united the different states of the north into the single kingdom of Scotia. Within a few years he became so powerful as to attempt the invasion of England." In 1068-9, Ingiborg apparently having died in the meantime, he married Margaret," sister of Edgar Ætheling, the Saxon heir to the English crown, who with his family and followers, had been driven out of England after the coming of the Normans in 1066, and had taken refuge in Scotland. 66 This King Malcolm is known in history as Malcolm Canmore, so named from the size of his head, the Celtic words cean mohr" meaning "head big." The possession of the Anglian province of Northumbria known as Lothian, which had been ceded to his great-grandfather, Malcolm mac Kenneth, after the battle of Carham in 1018, in Malcolm Canmore, became definitely confirmed to the crown of Scotland." This union resulted in bringing under one government the Teutonic races of the eastern, northern, and western coasts, and the Celtic Gaels and Cymri of Galloway, Strathclyde, and Scotia proper. Malcolm's marriages, first with Ingiborg the Norse jarl's widow, and secondly, with Margaret, daughter of the Saxon royal family, may be taken as presaging the union of races that was to follow in Scotland." As the most substantial and enduring attributes of Scottish civilization owe their origin to this amalgamation, and are in a great measure due to the infusion of Teutonic blood into the veins of the Celt, we cannot do better in this connection than to consider at length the nature and extent of the English elements entering into the composition of the feudal Scotchman. Having already sketched the rise and progress of the Norwegian power in the north and west, one considerable source of the Teutonic stream, it now remains only to inquire into the history of Northumbria, the northern. province of which in Malcolm's time became firmly united with Scotland, forming the modern counties of Haddington, Roxburgh, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Berwick, etc. It has been deemed proper to give this history in the form of extracts from the early annals relating to Britain and Northumbria, so far as these are preserved in the history of Gildas, the works of Bede, and in the English Chronicle, these three being our chief authorities for early English history. Inasmuch as the record of the English conquest of North Britain does not begin until the year 547, the history of the preceding century—aside from the brief descriptions of Nennius already given, and similar references to be found in the Welsh Book of the Princes (Brut y Tywysogion), and the Annales Cambria - can only be inferred from such records |