his musket with him, and his successor received another from the public store. No captain kept a book. Accounts were never furnished nor required. As our army is, thank God, little subject to desertion, I venture to say that during an entire campaign there have not been twenty muskets lost since my system came into force. It was the same with the pouches and other accoutrements, and I do not believe that I exaggerate when I state that my arrangements have saved the United States at least eight hundred thousand French livres a year.

The arms at Valley Forge were in a horrible condition, covered with rust, half of them without bayonets, many from which a single shot could not be fired. The pouches were quite as bad as the arms. A great many of the men had tin boxes instead of pouches, others had cow-horns; and muskets, carbines, fowling-pieces, and rifles were to be seen in the same company.

The description of the dress is most easily given. The men were literally naked, some of them in the fullest extent of the word. The officers who had coats, had them of every color and make. I saw officers, at a grand parade at Valley Forge, mounting guard in a sort of dressing gown, made of an old blanket or woollen bed-cover. With regard to their military discipline, I may safely say no such thing existed. In the first place there was no regular formation. A so-called regiment was formed of three platoons, another of five, eight, nine, and the Canadian regiment of twenty-one. The formation of the regiments was as varied as their mode of drill, which only consisted of the manual exercise. Each colonel had a system of his own, the one according to the English, the other according to the Prussian or French style. There was only one thing in which they were uniform, and that was the way of marching in the manoeuvers and on the line of march. They all adopted the mode of marching in files used by the Indians.

I have not been able to find any correct statement of the strength of the southern army 10; but without doing injustice to the South, we may reasonably suppose that matters stood much worse there than in the North, because the South was more divided in itself, and less enthusiastic for the cause of Independence. On the other hand, we find, in the Steuben Papers, the strength of the principal army exactly stated.

General Washington's army, at the beginning of the campaign of 1779, consisted of six divisions, of two brigades each, numbering in all 11,067 men forty-six regiments. These regiments had from one hundred and fifty (Seventh Virginia) to four hundred and thirty (Sixth Connecticut) rank and file. Steuben selected from each regiment, in proportion to its strength, a number of picked men, to form eight light-infantry companies, and then, where they were too weak, united the regiments into one battalion. Thus, the whole army consisted of thirty-five battalions (9,755 men), making two hundred and seventy-eight the average strength of each battalion, and the eight companies of light infantry before mentioned in addition. Each of the latter had one field officer, four captains, eight subalterns, twelve sergeants, and 164 rank and file. The divisions were severally known as the Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and North Carolina.

FORMATION OF THE ARMY COMMANDED BY HIS EXCELLENCY GENERAL WASHINGTON, FOR THE BEGINNING OF THE PRESENT

CAMPAIGN [1779].

VIRGINIA.

First Brigade, Woolford [Woodford?]-2d 11th, 223; 8th, 182; 7th, 150; 3d and 4th, 245. Second Brigade, Muhlenberg.-6th, 168; 2d Ist State, 209; 1st and 10th, 270. Total, 1030.

Regiment, 175; 5th and
Total, 975.

State, 230; Gist's, 153;

MARYLAND AND DELAWARE.

First Brigade, Smallwood.- 1st, 260; 5th, 220; 7th, 230; 3d, 270. Total, 980.

Second Brigade, Guest [M. Gist]. 2d, 280; 6th, 230; 4th, 320; Delaware, 220. Total, 1050.

PENNSYLVANIA.

First Brigade, Irvine.— 1st, 210; 7th, 170; 10th, 240; 2d, 340. Total, 960.

Second Brigade, Johnson.- 3d, 260; 6th, 180; 9th, 180; 5th, 240. Total, 860.

CONNECTICUT.

First Brigade, Huntington.- 4th, 184; 8th, 232; 6th, 430; 3d, 367. Total, 1213.

Second Brigade, Parsons.-1st, 289; 5th, 220; 2d, 206; 7th, 295. Total,

First Brigade, Nixon.- 2d, 224; 5th, 263; 4th, 313. Total, 800. Second Brigade, Learned.- 1st, 277; 7th, 212; 8th, 248. Total, 737. Pettason's [Paterson's] Brigade.-9th, 192; 12th, 184; 10th, 179; 15th, 260. Total, 815.

NORTH CAROLINA.

Ist, 328; 2d, 298. Total, 626.

Return of the number of men enlisted during the war, and for shorter periods in the army under the immediate command of His Excellency General Washington, December, 1779:

It would appear from the figures given in the preceding pages that the New England element in the American Army, subsequent to the withdrawal of the British from New England territory, was under forty per cent. of the whole native force, or but little more than proportionate to its relative population. In like manner, it appears that the leaders of the army were no less representative of its true constitution than the rank and file. Of Washington's twelve generals at the beginning of the war, Nathanael Greene, William Heath, Seth Pomeroy, Israel Putnam, Joseph Spencer, John Sullivan, John Thomas, Artemas Ward, and David Wooster were New England men-Charles Lee of Virginia, and Richard Montgomery and Philip Schuyler of New York completing the staff. But the majority of the New Englanders dropped out of sight before the conflict was fairly begun; and besides Greene, the only general officers from that section who achieved renown during the progress of the war were the Scotch-Irishmen, Henry Knox and John Stark, and the Irishman, John Sullivan. The New England general in command of the forces on Long Island seems to have been relegated mainly to garrison duty after the retreat from that place, and Benjamin Lincoln's campaign in the South resulted most disastrously. When the army was discharged in 1783, we find that among the fifteen major-generals, New England was represented by five-Greene, Heath, Putnam, Lincoln, and Knox. Of the remainder, there were, of Scottish descent, besides Knox: William Alexander (N. J.), Alexander McDougall (N. Y.), Arthur St. Clair (Pa.); of English descent, in addition to the four first named: Horatio Gates (Va.), Robert Howe (N. C.), William Smallwood (Md.), and William Moultrie (?) (S. C.); of French birth: Lafayette and Du Portail; and of German: Steuben. Of the twenty-two brigadiers at that time-six from New England-there were of Scottish blood: William Irvine (Pa.), Lachlan McIntosh (Ga.), John Paterson (Mass.), Charles Scott (Va.), John Stark (N. H.); of Anglo-Scottish: George Clinton (N. Y.), James Clinton (N. Y.), Edward Hand (Pa.), Anthony Wayne (Pa.); of French: Isaac Huger (S. C.); of German: Johann De Kalb (France), Peter Muhlenberg (Va.); of Welsh: Daniel Morgan (Va.), O. H. Williams (Md.); and of English: Elias Dayton (N. J.), Mordecai Gist (Md.), John Greaton (Mass.), Moses Hazen (Mass.), Jedediah Huntington (Conn.), Rufus Putnam (Mass.), Jethro Sumner (?) (S. C.), George Weedon (Va.). Out of the thirty-seven names on these two lists of 1783, eleven were from New England; and of the total list about one half were of English descent, while two fifths were to a large degree Celtic in their descent.

Proceeding to analyze the list of the other generals created during the Revolutionary period, we further find as of probable Scottish blood: John Armstrong (Pa.), Francis Barber (N. J.), William Campbell (Va.), George Rogers Clark" (Va.), William Davidson (N. C.), John Douglas (Conn.), James Ewing (Pa.), Robert Lawson (Va.), Andrew Lewis (Va.), William Maxwell (N. J.), Hugh Mercer (Va.), James Moore (N. C.), John Nixon

(Pa.), Andrew Pickens (S. C.), James Potter (Pa.), Joseph Reed (Pa.), Griffith Rutherford (N. C.), John Morin Scott (N. Y.), Adam Stephen (Va.), Thomas Sumter (?) (Va.), William Thompson (Pa)., a total of twentyone; of Welsh blood: John Cadwallader (Pa.), William Davies (Va.), James Varnum (Mass.); of French: P. H. De Barre (France), Philip De Coudray (France), A. R. De Fermoy (France), John P. De Haas (Pa., HollandFrench), Francis Marion (S. C.); of Dutch: Nicholas Herkimer (N. Y.), Abraham Ten Broeck (N. Y.), Philip Van Cortlandt (N. Y.), Gosen Van Schaick (N. Y.); of German: Frederic W. de Woedtke; of Irish: Thomas Conway (Ireland), James Hogan (N. C.), Stephen Moylan (Pa.); of Polish: Casimir Pulaski (Poland); and of probable English descent: Benedict Arnold (Conn.), William Blount (N. C.), Philemon Dickinson (N. J.), Samuel Elbert (Ga.), John Fellows (Mass.), Joseph Frye (Mass.), John Frost (Maine), Christopher Gadsden (S. C.), John Glover (Mass.), John Lacey (Pa.), Ebenezer Learned (Mass.), Thomas Mifflin (Pa.), Francis Nash (?) (Va.), William North (Maine), Samuel Parsons (Conn.), Enoch Poor (N. H.), James Reed (N. H.), Gold S. Silliman (Conn.), Edward Stevens (Va.), James Wadsworth (Conn.), Joseph Warren (Mass.), John Whitcomb (Mass.), James Wilkinson (Md.), William Woodford (Va.), Nathaniel Woodhull (N. Y.), a total of twenty-five; making with the other names mentioned in this paragraph a list of sixty-three names in all, less than half of which are English, and about one fourth from New England.

Taking all the lists together, we have an aggregate of one hundred and nine names, which include practically all of Washington's generals; and it appears that but thirty-one of them came from the New England States, and that less than half were of English descent-about sixty being non-English.

An examination of the lists of colonels, captains, lieutenants, and minor commissioned officers will show a like distribution. The names of 2310 of those who were in the Continental service are printed in the American State Papers, vol. iii., Military Affairs, pp. 529 to 559, under the heading, "Schedule of the names and rank of most of the officers of the War of Independence, chiefly returned as belonging to the lines or corps of the thirteen. original United States soon after said army was disbanded in 1783, arranged alphabetically and numbered distinctly according to the States."

This schedule is prefaced by the following communication to Congress from the Secretary of War:

NINETEENTH CONGRESS: SECOND SESSION: 342.

SIR :

STATEMENT OF THE NAMES

AND RANK OF THE OFFICERS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, &C.
Communicated to the House of Representatives, January 10, 1827.
DEPARTMENT OF WAR, January 10, 1827.

In compliance with the resolution of the House of Representatives of the 8th instant, directing the Secretary of War" to report to their House

the name and rank of each officer of the Continental army who served to the end of the Revolutionary War, and who were by the resolution of Congress entitled to half-pay during life; and also, as nearly as practicable, the names of the remaining officers and their places of residence," I transmit herewith a list of the names and rank of the officers of the Revolutionary War, as complete as the records of the Department will furnish, with the exception of foreign officers. There is no evidence in the Department to show which of them were by the resolution of Congress entitled to halfpay during life," nor is it known which of them are still living, with their places of residence, except those who are on the pension list.

66

Very respectfully, etc.,

JAMES BARBOUR, Secretary of War.

To the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

The list of names sent with this report shows the State to which each officer is credited, and the regiment to which he belonged. In the final years of the war, with very few exceptions, the officers commanded troops raised by their own States. Of these 2310 officers, 79 were from New Hampshire, 445 from Massachusetts, 44 from Rhode Island, 254 from Connecticut, 200 from New York, 92 from New Jersey, 421 from Pennsylvania, 32 from Delaware, 166 from Maryland, 337 from Virginia, 99 from North Carolina, 93 from South Carolina, and 48 from Georgia. Less than forty per cent. of these were from New England.

It will be seen from the heading of the list that these officers principally belonged to the Continental Army. Militia officers are not, as a rule, mentioned, unless they also served in the Continental or State lines. As the most of the troops of the Southern States did not belong to the Continental establishment, but were simply State militiamen, their officers would have no place in this list.

NOTES TO CHAPTER I.

1 As early as 1763-64 we find them mentioned by the name "Scotch-Irish" in the Legislature of the Province of Pennsylvania, when one Nathaniel Grubb, a member of the Assembly from Chester County so denominated the Paxtang settlers. These people had petitioned the Quaker government in vain for protection from the murderous attacks of the savages; and finally, despairing of help from that source, some of them took the law into their own hands and made an indiscriminate slaughter of such Indians as they could find in their neighborhood. In denouncing this action to his fellow Quakers, Grubb referred to these settlers as “a pack of insignificant Scotch-Irish, who, if they were all killed, could well enough be spared." (See, William H. Egle, History of Dauphin County, Penna., p. 60.)

Rev. John Elder, also, in a letter written from Paxtang, under date of February 7, 1764, to Col. Edward Shippen, of Lancaster, relative to the killing of the Conestoga Indians in December, 1763, says: "The Presbyterians, who are the most numerous I imagine of any Denomination in the Province, are enraged at their being charged in bulk with these facts, under the name of Scotch-Irish, and other ill-natured titles, and that the killing of the Conestegoe Indians is compared to the Irish massacres and reckoned the most barbarous of either, so that things are grown to that pitch now that the country seems determined that no Indian Treaties shall be held, or savages maintained at the expense of the Province, unless his Majestie's pleasure on these heads is well known; for I understand,