is named by Mr. Skene as sponsor for his proposition that "the people termed Gauls and those called Germans by the Romans did not differ in any important physical character." This, indeed, coincides with the usual description given by the Romans.

14 This subject has been discussed in connection with the succession of the Pictish kings. The names of the reigning kings are in the main confined to four or five names, as Brude, Drust, Talorgan, Nechtan, Gartnaidh, and these never appear among the names of the fathers of kings, nor does the name of a father occur twice in the list. Further, in two cases we know that while the kings who reigned were termed respectively Brude and Talorcan, the father of the one was a Briton, and of the other an Angle. The conclusion which Mr. McLennan in his very original work on primitive marriage draws from this is, that it raises a strong presumption that all the fathers were men of other tribes. At any rate, there remains the fact, after every deduction has been made, that the fathers and mothers were in no case of the same family name; and he quotes this as a reason for believing that exogamy prevailed among the Picts. But this explanation, though it goes some way, will not fully interpret the anomalies in the list of Pictish kings. The only hypothesis that seems to afford a full explanation is one that would suppose that the kings among the Picts were elected from one family, clan, or tribe, or possibly from one in each of the two divisions of the Northern and Southern Picts; that there lingered among the Picts the old custom among the Celts, who, to use the language of Mr. McLennan, "were anciently lax in their morals, and recognized relationship through mothers only; that intermarriage was not permitted in this royal family tribe, and the women had to obtain their husbands from the men of other tribes, not excluding those of a different race; that the children were adopted into the tribe of the mother, and certain names were exclusively bestowed on such children."-Celtic Scotland, vol. i., pp. 233-234 ; John F. McLennan, Origin of the Form of Capture in Marriage Ceremonies.

15 These Britons, known by the name of Mæatæ, included under them several lesser people, such as the Otadini, Selgovæ, Novantes, Damnii, etc.-T. Innes, Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of the Northern Parts of Britain or Scotland, book i., ch. ii., art. i. 16 Herodian (lib. iii.), in his account of Severus's expedition, written about 240, calls the same inhabitants of Caledonia simply Britons, but he describes them as Picts, or painted, in these words: "They mark their bodies with various pictures of all manner of animals, and therefore they clothe not themselves lest they hide the painted outside of their bodies."-Innes, book i., ch. iii., art. i.

17 The Scots, in their own tongue, have their name for the painted body [Cruithnigh], for that they are marked by sharp-pointed instruments of iron, with black pigments, with the figures of various animals.

"Some nations, not only in their vestments, but also in their bodies, have certain things peculiar to themselves.. nor is there wanting to the nation of the Picts the name of the body, but the efficient needle, with minute punctures, rubs in the expressed juices of a native herb, that it may bring these scars to its own fashion: an infamous nobility with painted limbs."-Isadore of Seville, Origines, 1. ix., ch. ii.; and l. xix., ch. xxiii.

These names are

18 The Picts and Scots have usually been associated with Caledonia. recent in origin, being used only by later Roman writers. Bede (sixth cent.) calls Caledonia "Provincia Pictorum"; and it would seem that in his time the name Picts, or Pehts, had nearly superseded the older term Caledonii-derived from the Cymric Celydon, and this related to the generic Galatæ, Celta, Galli.-Nicholas, Pedigree of the English People, p. 49. The proper Scots, as no one denies, were a Gaelic colony from Ireland. The only question is as to the Picts or Caledonians. Were they another Gaelic tribe, the vestige of a Gaelic occupation of the island earlier than the British occupation, or were they simply Britons who had never been brought under the Roman dominion? The geographical aspect of the case favors the former belief, but the weight of the philological evidence seems to be on the side of the latter.-Freeman, Norman Conquest, ch. ii., sec. I.

The Picts were simply Britons who had been sheltered from Roman conquest by the

fastnesses of the Highlands, and who were at last roused in their turn to attack by the weakness of the province and the hope of plunder. Their invasions penetrated to the heart of the island. Raids so extensive could hardly have been effected without help from within, and the dim history of the time allows us to see not merely an increase of disunion between the Romanized and un-Romanized population of Britain, but even an alliance between the last and their free kinsfolk, the Picts.-J. R. Green, Short History of the English People, ch. i.,

sec. I.

The Southern Picts are said by Bede to have had seats within these mountains. . . These districts consist of the Perthshire and Forfarshire Highlands, the former of which is known by the name of Atholl. The western boundary of the territory of the Southern Picts was Drumalban, which separated them from the Scots of Dalriada, and their southern boundary the Forth. The main body of the Southern Picts also belonged no doubt to the Gaelic race, though they may have possessed some differences in the idiom of their language; but the original population of the country, extending from the Forth to the Tay, consisted of part of the tribe of Damnonii, who belonged to the Cornish variety of the British race, and they appear to have been incorporated with the Southern Picts, and to have introduced a British element into their language. The Frisian settlements, too, on the shores of the Firth of Forth may also have left their stamp on this part of the nation.-Celtic Scotland, vol. i., p. 231.

19 This Drust is clearly connected with Galloway; and we thus learn that when two kings appear in the Pictish Chronicle as reigning together, one of them is probably king of the Picts of Galloway.

Near to the parish church of Anwoth, in Galloway, is a low undulating range of hills, called the Boreland hills. One of these goes by the name of Trusty's Hill, and round its top may be traced the remains of a vitrified wall."-Stuart's Sculptured Stones, vol. i., p. 31. 20 He, too, was probably a king of the Picts of Galloway, and traces of his name also can be found in the topography of that district. The old name of the parish of New Abbey, in Kirkcudbright, was Loch Kendeloch.

21 Skene says that Talorcan was obviously the son of that Ainfrait, the son of Aedilfrid, an elder brother of Osuald, who on his father's death had taken refuge with the Picts, and his son Talorcan must have succeeded to the throne through a Pictish mother. At the time, then, when King Oswiu extended his sway over the Britons and Scots, there was a king of the Anglic race by paternal descent actually reigning over the Picts. Tighernac records his death in 657, and Bede tells us that within three years after he had slain King Penda, Oswiu subjected the greater part of the Picts to the dominion of the Angles. It is probable, therefore, that he claimed their submission to himself as the cousin and heir on the paternal side of their king, Talorcan, and enforced his claim by force of arms.

22 Brudei (Bredei, or Brude) was paternally a scion of the royal house of Alclyde, his father, Bili, appearing in the Welsh genealogies annexed to Nennius as the son of Neithon and father of that Eugein who slew Domnall Brec in 642. His mother was the daughter of Talorcan mac Ainfrait, the last independent king of the Picts before they were subjected by Oswiu.

THE

CHAPTER XV

THE SCOTS AND PICTS

HE Scots of Dalriada acquired possession of the peninsula of Kintyre and adjacent territory in Argyle at the beginning of the sixth century. About 503 Loarn More, son of Erc, settled there with his brothers, Angus and Fergus, and some of their followers. They came from Irish Dalriadaa district in Ireland approximately corresponding to or included in the northern portion of the present county of Antrim.

Of the Scots of Ireland we have frequent mention by the Roman historians. As we have seen, their island was for some centuries known by the name of Scotia,' and after the Scots had settled in Albania, it continued to be called Scotia Major in distinction from Scotia Minor, which was the first form of the present name, "Scotland," as applied to North Britain.

The following references to the Scots are found in the History of Ammianus Marcellinus (written between 380 and 390), and they are the first accounts that we have of these people under that name, although they may have been of the same race with the " Hibernians " mentioned by Eumenius in 296, who, with the Picts, were said by him to have been the hereditary enemies of the Britons in Cæsar's time. It seems more probable, however, that the term "Hibernians was first applied by the Romans to the inhabitants of Western Scotland.

These were the events which took place in Illyricum and in the East. But the next year, that of Constantius's tenth and Julian's third consulship [A.D. 360], the affairs of Britain became troubled in consequence of the incursions of the savage nations of Picts and Scots, who, breaking the peace to which they had agreed, were plundering the districts on their borders, and keeping in constant alarm the provinces exhausted by former disasters.— (Book xx., ch. i.)

At this time [A.D. 364], the trumpet, as it were, gave signal for war throughout the whole Roman world; and the barbarian tribes on our frontier were moved to make incursions on those territories which lay nearest to them. The Allemanni laid waste Gaul and Rhætia at the same time. The Sarmatians and Quadi ravaged Pannonia. The Picts, Scots, Saxons, and Attecotti harassed the Britons with incessant invasions."

It will be sufficient here to mention that at that time [A.D. 368] the Picts, who were divided into two nations, the Dicalidones and the Vecturiones, and likewise the Attecotti, a very warlike people, and the Scots were all roving over different parts of the country, and committing great ravages.— (Book xxvi., ch. iv.)

Theodosius, father of the emperor of that name, finally succeeded in driving the invaders north of Severus's wall, and the country between that and the Wall of Hadrian was added to the Roman Empire about 368 as the fifth province in Britain, and called Valentia, after the reigning emperor. The

legions becoming reduced by the revolt of Maximus about 390, however, further incursions of the Picts and Scots took place; and though fresh. troops were sent against them and the territory again recovered, the final withdrawal of the garrisons during the next twenty years left the province wellnigh defenceless and exposed to the raids of the savages, who from that time on broke through the walls with impunity and overran and destroyed the Roman settlements at will (Ammianus, book xxvii., ch. viii.).

The early attacks on Britain by the Scots seem to have been made directly from Ireland, and were more in the nature of predatory forays than permanent territorial conquests. They first appear to have come through Wales.' The History of Nennius, so-called' (a mixture of fables and half-truths), tells us :

8 II. Æneas reigned over the Latins three years; Ascanius, thirty-three years; after whom Silvius reigned twelve years, and Posthumus thirty-nine years the former, from whom the kings of Alba are called Silvan, was brother to Brutus, who governed Britain at the time Eli, the high-priest, judged Israel, and when the ark of the covenant was taken by a foreign people. But Posthumus, his brother, reigned among the Latins. [Fabulous.] § 12. After an interval of not less than eight hundred years, came the Picts, and occupied the Orkney Islands [?]: whence they laid waste many regions, and seized those on the left-hand side of Britain, where they still remain, keeping possession of a third part of Britain to this day.

14.

13. Long after this, the Scots arrived in Ireland from Spain. [?] The sons of Liethali obtained the country of the Dimetæ where is a city called Menavia [St. David's] and the province Guiher and Cetguela [Caer Kidwelly, in Carmarthenshire], which they held till they were expelled from every part of Britain, by Cunedda and his sons.

$ 15. The Britons came to Britain in the third age of the world; and in the fourth, the Scots took possession of Ireland. The Britons who, suspecting no hostilities, were unprovided with the means of defence, were unanimously and incessantly attacked, both by the Scots from the west and by the Picts from the north. A long interval after this, the Romans obtained the empire of the world.

§ 62.. The great king, Mailcun, reigned among the Britons, i. e., in the district of Guenedota, because his great-great-grandfather Cunedda, with his twelve sons, had come before from the left-hand part, i. e., from the country which is called Manau Gustodia, one hundred and fortysix years before Mailcun reigned, and expelled the Scots with much slaughter from those countries, and they never returned again to inhabit them.

The invasions of the Scots and Picts after the departure of the Romans from Britain (418–426) are thus described by Gildas, who wrote in the middle of the sixth century:

8 13. At length also, new races of tyrants sprang up, in terrific numbers, and the island, still bearing its Roman name, but casting off her institutes and laws, sent forth among the Gauls that bitter scion of her own planting, Maximus, with a great number of followers, and the ensigns of royalty, which he bore without decency and without lawful right, but in a tyrannical manner, and amid the disturbances of the seditious soldiery.

14. After this, Britain is left deprived of all her soldiery and armed bands, of her cruel governors, and of the flower of her youth, who went with Maximus, but never again returned; and utterly ignorant as she was of the art of war, groaned in amazement for many years under the cruelty of two foreign nations-the Scots from the northwest, and the Picts from the north. 15. The Britons, impatient at the assaults of the Scots and Picts, their hostilities and dreaded oppressions, send ambassadors to Rome with letters, entreating in piteous terms the assistance of an armed band to protect them, and offering loyal and ready submission to the authority of Rome, if they only would expel their invading foes. A legion is immediately sent, forgetting their past rebellion, and provided sufficiently with arms. When they had crossed over the sea and landed, they came at once to close conflict with their cruel enemies, and slew great numbers of them. All of them were driven beyond the borders, and the humiliated natives rescued from the bloody slavery which awaited them.

16. The Roman legion had no sooner returned home in joy and triumph, than their former foes, like hungry and ravening wolves, rushing with greedy jaws upon the fold which is left without a shepherd, and wafted both by the strength of oarsmen and the blowing wind, break through the boundaries, and spread slaughter on every side, and like mowers cutting down the ripe corn, they cut up, tread under foot, and overrun the whole country.

§ 17. And now again they send suppliant ambassadors, with their garments rent and their heads covered with ashes, imploring assistance from the Romans, and like timorous chickens, crowding under the protecting wings of their parents, that their wretched country might not altogether be destroyed, and that the Roman name which now was but an empty sound to fill the ear, might not become a reproach even to distant nations. Upon this, the Romans, moved with compassion, as far as human nature can be, at the relations of such horrors, send forward, like eagles in their flight, their unexpected bands of cavalry by land and mariners by sea, and planting their terrible swords upon the shoulders of their enemies, they mow them down like leaves which fall at the destined period; and as a mountain-torrent swelled with numerous streams, and bursting its banks with roaring noise, with foaming crest and yeasty wave rising to the stars, by whose eddying currents our eyes are as it were dazzled, does with one of its billows overwhelm every obstacle in its way, so did our illustrious defenders vigorously drive our enemies' band beyond the sea, if any could so escape them; for it was beyond those same seas that they transported, year after year, the plunder which they had gained, no one daring to resist them.

18. The Romans, therefore, left the country, giving notice that they could no longer be harassed by such laborious expeditions, nor suffer the Roman standards, with so large and brave an army, to be worn out by sea and land by fighting against these unwarlike, plundering vagabonds; but that the islanders, inuring themselves to warlike weapons, and bravely fighting, should valiantly protect their country, their property, wives, and children, and, what is dearer than these, their liberty and lives.

19. No sooner were they gone, than the Picts and Scots, like worms which in the heat of mid-day come forth from their holes, hastily land again from their canoes, in which they had been carried beyond the Cichican valley, differing one from another in manners, but inspired with the same avidity for blood, and all more eager to shroud their villainous faces in bushy hair than to cover with decent clothing those parts of their body which required it. Moreover, having heard of the departure of our friends, and